Inefficiency of the Hungarian sport financing systém

Abstract

Hungary has a long successful history in the Summer Olympics, although the performance of its commercialized global team sports has been decreasing radically in the past decades. Despite the strong political and social willingness to field successful professional sports teams, the trend has not changed. This study attempts to describe the effect of governmental subsidization on professional sport’s performance with the aim of understanding why a huge gap has emerged between successful elite sports and the popular but underperforming ‘spectacular’ teamsports (football, basketball, ice-hockey, handball, water polo) in Hungary. It is important to conceptualize this paradox properly in order to better understand the particular mechanisms of decision-making and changes in sport policies. Our research reviews and analyses the role, status and position of the governing bodies of the Hungarian elite sport system since the structural reforms of 2010. A non-financial audit were conducted with the support of the Hungarian Olympic Committee in which the sixteen prioritized national sports federations were analysed, by interviews with leaders of the federations and filling out a questionnaire by experts of the associations.

Seasonal Differences in Taxonomic Diversity of Rotifer Communities in a Hungarian Lowland Oxbow Lake Exposed to Aquaculture Effluent

“…Most of the species found in the Kákafok oxbow lake were characteristic of oligo-and oligo/β mesosaprobic waters [17] except the Brachionus species that prefers contaminated, β and β/α mesosaprobic water bodies [17]. The species we detected (Brachionus angularis, B. calyciflorus, B.…”

“…We found more Brachionus spp. than in the two previous studies [33,50], which mostly belonged to the β mesosaprobic indicator group [17,18]. Species previously detected in the mother river are Brachionus angularis, B. bennini, B. falcatus, B. budapestiensis, B. calyciflorus, B. urceolaris and B. quadridentatus [50], and in the other three oxbow lakes Brachionus bidentata, B. quadridentatus and B. calyciflorus were found [33].…”

“…Most of the species found in the Kákafok oxbow lake were characteristic of oligo-and oligo/β mesosaprobic waters [17] except the Brachionus species that prefers contaminated, β and β/α mesosaprobic water bodies [17]. The species we detected (Brachionus angularis, B. calyciflorus, B. diversicornis, B. falcatus, B. forficula, B. leydigi, B. nilsoni, B. quadridentatus, B. urceolaris and B. variabilis) typically occurred in summer, mainly at K1-K2 points, indicating the impact of the effluent water combined with favourable thermal conditions.…”

“…In summer, its rotifer diversity was not clearly different from those at the other points. Comparing the different sampling points, the decreasing abundance with increasing distance from the inflow was most often observed in Brachionus species, which are indicators of more saprobic waters [17]. At the point of aquaculture inlet (K1) and nearby (K2), Brachionus spp.…”

“…In water quality assessment, several planktonic organisms have been suggested as indicator groups Rotifers have been used for water quality assessment from New Zealand [9] to Ireland [10]. Several authors have used rotifers to indicate eutrophication [11][12][13][14][15][16] and saprobity [17,18], and to develop trophic state indices [19,20]. The microscopic size of rotifers contributes to their cosmopolitan and ubiquity distribution [21,22], although at a much lower level than previously thought [23].…”