Industrialization and World Inequality: The Transformation of the Division of Labor in 59 Nations, 1960-1981

A New Trichotomous Measure of World-system Position Using the International Trade Network

“…Today, the standard trichotomous network measure of world-system position remains Snyder and Kick's (1979) orthodox classification, 1 which has now become the industry standard (Alderson and Beckfield, 2004;Alderson and Nielsen, 1999;Beckfield, 2003;Bollen and Jackman, 1985;Crenshaw, 1992Crenshaw, , 1995Hoover, 1989;Lee et al, 2007;London, 1987;London and Williams, 1990;Muller, 1988Muller, , 1995Nolan, 1983;Nolan and White, 1983;Rau and Roncek, 1987;Simpson, 1990;Smith and London, 1990;Wejnert, 2005). 2 However, most network studies that actually generate world-system positions violate world-system orthodoxy by grouping countries into more than three categories (Kick, 1987;Mahutga, 2006;Nemeth and Smith, 1985;Smith and White, 1992;Snyder and Kick, 1979;Van Rossem, 1996), including, most notably, Snyder and Kick (1979) themselves.…”

Safe drinking water and satisfaction with environmental quality of life in some oil and gas industry impacted cities of Nigeria

“…This is reflective of industrialization. Rau and Roncek (1987) defined industrialization as ''a process that makes more efficient use of labour in the production of raw materials, goods and services.'' Industrialization is a process of modernization that has brought western-styled lifestyles in the cities without a corresponding western-styled management and development in the availability of adequate social services especially water supplies.…”

The Quality of Life of Retired Reengaged Academics in Nigeria

“…The agricultural base of the developing world promoted extended family system because the family was closely knit, and members rarely leave their immediate environment. One of the biggest changes wrought by industrialization involves the shift of labor out of agriculture (Rau & Roncek, 1987). Karl Marx (1967, p. 673) noted that industrialization requires a ''withering 334 E. O.…”