Industrial-waste agave fibres in flame-retarded thermoplastic starch biocomposites

Sánchez-Olivares, Guadalupe; Rabe, Sebastian; Pérez-Chávez, Ricardo; Calderas, Fausto; Schartel, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107370

Cited by 36 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition to this, when starch-based materials are developed to replace polymers in furniture, cars, airplanes, and electronics, not only processability and mechanical reinforcement are needed but also flame retardancy. 2 Incorporation of halogenated or nonhalogenated flame retardants (FRs) into a polymer matrix has been the most valid way to endow them with outstanding flame retardancy so far. 3 It has been known for more than 20 years that halogenated flame retardants are recorded in fish and marine mammals.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Starch Based On Phytic Acid

Wang

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Starch, being one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, has been modified as starch-based thermoplastic materials for decades. In this work, we have demonstrated a green and facile method for choline phytate (CPA), which is not only a fire retardant but also a plasticizer for starch. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) plasticized with glycerol, CPA, and water was prepared by melt blending. The plasticizing effect was investigated by crystallinity calculation and a tensile test. Also, the flame retardancy of CPA for TPS films was evaluated by combustion tests. As the CPA loading increased, the crystallinity of TPS films decreased from 11.7% to 7.6%. With the addition of 30 phr CPA, the TPS film could pass a UL-94 V-0 rating (1 mm) and the limiting oxygen index was increased to 43.7%. Cone calorimeter characterization revealed that the heat release of SGCPA X composites was efficiently restrained by CPA. The peak of heat release rate was decreased by 68.7% and total heat release was decreased by 33.8% for the TPS films containing 20 phr CPA. The flame-retardant mechanism of CPA in TPS played the key role by the analysis of the char residues.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Starch Based On Phytic Acid

Wang

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The dripping behavior in flammability test of the composites may be related to its rheological properties as it was described by Sanchez‐Olivares et al. [ 43 ] In our previous studies, the rheology of the LC‐filled PLA composites was investigated. [ 25 ] It was found that in the case of the filler content of 10 wt%, even for the LC grades with the highest percentage of rigid lignocellulosic particles, the composites do not present the “solid‐like” behavior at low shear rates, which may partially suppress the flow of the polymer and prevent the drip formation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The influence of oil content within lignocellulosic filler on thermal degradation kinetics and flammability of polylactide composites modified with linseed cake

et al. 2020

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Linseed cake (LC), a by-product of oil extraction from linseed, due to high content of natural oil can be applied as a filler and modifying agent for polymeric composites. However, the presence of the flammable oil may change thermal properties of the resulting materials. The aim of this study is evaluation of the influence of oil content on flammability and thermal degradation of polylactide composites. The samples filled with 10 wt% of LC containing from 0.9% to 39.8% of oil were subjected to cone calorimetry, horizontal burning test and thermogravimetric analysis. Activation energy values of the thermal decomposition of the composites were calculated using Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The different LC grades and the crude oil were tested as well. Even though all the composite grades presented higher flammability and lower thermal stability than the neat resin, their burning behavior and the process of thermal decomposition did not depend on the oil content. Therefore, the oil-rich grades of LC can be applied as an effective filler for polylactide without an increase in fire risk.

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“…One of the reasons was a significant decrease in temperature at the onset of the thermal degradation after the filler was introduced, which was observed during the thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, natural additives reduced the thermal conductivity which led to a rapid temperature rise at the sample surface and a faster ignition [ 37 ]. This high temperature behavior of the composites correlates with the LOI results and, again, may be due to a poor compatibility between the filler and polymer and the porous structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the current reports in the literature on bio-based FRs focus on the flame retardancy of flexible PVC by using nitrogen- or phosphorous-containing bio-plasticizer [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], phytic acid salts [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], lignins [ 30 ] and chitosan [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. In the case of composites with a matrix of flammable polymers, also the addition of natural fillers such as kenaf [ 34 ], flax [ 35 ], bamboo [ 36 ], agave waste [ 37 ] and abaca [ 38 ] results in increased flame resistance. In contrast, there is currently a limited number of papers on the flame resistance of hard PVC matrix composites with the addition of natural fillers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Residual Hops after Supercritical Extraction in CO2

et al. 2021

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The common applications of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in many industries mean that the topic of recycling and disposal of post-consumer waste is still very important. One of the methods of reducing the negative impact of PVC waste on the natural environment is to use technological or post-consumer waste of this polymer to produce new composite materials with favorable utility properties, with the addition of natural fillers, among which agro-waste, including hop residue, is deserving of special attention. In this study, the effect of the addition of residual hops (H) on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated. PVC blends containing 10, 20 and 30 wt % of hop residue were mixed in an extruder, while the specimens were obtained by the injection molding method. It was observed that the addition of H increased their thermostability, as shown by a Congo red test. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the degradation rate of PVC/H composites in the first and second stages of decomposition was lower in comparison with unmodified PVC. In turn, composite density, impact strength and tensile strength decreased significantly with an increasing concentration of filler in the PVC matrix. At the same time, their Young’s modulus, flexural modulus and Rockwell hardness increased. Flame resistance tests showed that with an increasing residual hop content, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) decreased by 9.0; 11.8 and 13.6%, respectively, compared to unfilled PVC (LOI = 37.4%). In addition, the maximum heat release rate (pHRR) decreased with an increasing filler content by about 16, 24 and 31%, respectively. Overall, these composites were characterized by a good burning resistance and had a flammability rating of V0 according to the UL94 test.

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Industrial-waste agave fibres in flame-retarded thermoplastic starch biocomposites

Cited by 36 publications

References 51 publications

A Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Starch Based On Phytic Acid

A Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Starch Based On Phytic Acid

The influence of oil content within lignocellulosic filler on thermal degradation kinetics and flammability of polylactide composites modified with linseed cake

Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Residual Hops after Supercritical Extraction in CO2

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