Industrial lignin from 2G biorefineries – Assessment of availability and pricing strategies

Mild thermolytic solvolysis of technical lignins in polar organic solvents to a crude lignin oil

“…On the other hand, industrial lignin-rich feedstocks from 2G biorefineries can have a minimum selling price of € 36-59 per ton (1.3-2.1 €/GJ), as demonstrated in our previous work. 74 The conversion of lignin to lignin oligomers thus represents at least an order of magnitude value increase in terms of price and energy, which makes the presented technology attractive for further commercialization.…”

Multiproduct Microalgae Biorefineries Mediated by Ionic Liquids

“…In this scenario, the circular economy and the bioeconomy intersect in their common aims to add value to biological wastes and residues through the smart management of agrowastes and their conversion via multipurpose biorefinery platforms into biobased products and biofuels, thus avoiding harmful consequences on soils, water, and air quality. For the agrowaste lignocellulosic biomasses, a multiproduct approach is already further in development not only in theory by assessing their economic evaluations [27][28][29][30][31][32] but also in practice by developing processes for gasses, sugars, and fatty acids [33,34]. However, these biorefineries operate under harsh conditions, which are acceptable for the particular case of lignocellulosic feedstock-based biorefineries but not for microalgae biorefineries.…”

Strategies for the Removal of Polysaccharides from Biorefinery Lignins: Process Optimization and Techno Economic Evaluation

“…The cellulosic ethanol industry, with an estimated production ratio of 0.5 kg lignin per kg of ethanol, is probably one of the largest sources of hydrolysis lignin, which is predominantly incinerated on site for energy recuperation [ 7 , 8 ]. The following unit operations are typically involved in the lignocellulosic ethanol production: feed handling and size reduction, pretreatment by dilute acid, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, ethanol, and lignin separation [ 7 ]. Several acid treatments with sulfuric acid [ 9 ] and phosphoric acid [ 10 ] have also been used for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass and yields hydrolysis lignins.…”

“…Hydrolysis lignins are primarily obtained after enzymatic and/or acid treatments of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries. The cellulosic ethanol industry, with an estimated production ratio of 0.5 kg lignin per kg of ethanol, is probably one of the largest sources of hydrolysis lignin, which is predominantly incinerated on site for energy recuperation [7,8]. The following unit operations are typically involved in the lignocellulosic ethanol production: feed handling and size reduction, pretreatment by dilute acid, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, ethanol, and lignin separation [7].…”