Industrial contact dermatitis. Effect of the riot control agent ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile

Shmunes, Edward

doi:10.1001/archderm.107.2.212

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…43 Ninety percent of workers in a plant manufacturing a CS agent reported a history of dermatitis on the arms and neck, with 7% showing positive patch-test reactions to CS, suggesting that CS may act as a contact sensitizer. 44…”

Section: Skin Burns and Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment

Rothenberg

Achanta

Svendsen

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Deployments of tear gas and pepper spray have rapidly increased worldwide. Large amounts of tear gas have been used in densely populated cities, including Cairo, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Manama (Bahrain), and Hong Kong. In the United States, tear gas was used extensively during recent riots in Ferguson, Missouri. Whereas tear gas deployment systems have rapidly improved—with aerial drone systems tested and requested by law enforcement—epidemiological and mechanistic research have lagged behind and have received little attention. Case studies and recent epidemiological studies revealed that tear gas agents can cause lung, cutaneous, and ocular injuries, with individuals affected by chronic morbidities at high risk for complications. Mechanistic studies identified the ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 as targets of capsaicin in pepper spray, and of the tear gas agents chloroacetophenone, CS, and CR. TRPV1 and TRPA1 localize to pain‐sensing peripheral sensory neurons and have been linked to acute and chronic pain, cough, asthma, lung injury, dermatitis, itch, and neurodegeneration. In animal models, transient receptor potential inhibitors show promising effects as potential countermeasures against tear gas injuries. On the basis of the available data, a reassessment of the health risks of tear gas exposures in the civilian population is advised, and development of new countermeasures is proposed.

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Section: Skin Burns and Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment

Rothenberg

Achanta

Svendsen

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…Significant reactions have been recorded in the literature 1 , 5,12 , 13 . Of 11 patients hospitalized for a bullous dermatitis following CS gas exposure, all presented with an erythematous dermatitis to areas of contact.…”

Section: Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe cutaneous reaction to CS gas

Varma

Holt

2001

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology

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Tear gas is used throughout the World for control of riots and civil disobedience. CS gas as used by the UK police force is issued as a 'spray' and is 5% CS in methylisobutylketone (MIBK), a potent irritant. Assaults on police officers in forces issued with CS spray have fallen significantly over the past 3 years, whilst having risen in areas without it. Thus, CS gas appears to be an effective deterrent. However, significant cutaneous reactions can occur as a result of exposure. We report a severe contact dermatitis to CS gas to highlight the clinical features. The nature of CS gas and potential cutaneous adverse reactions are discussed.

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“…A few examples of new sensitizers or those found in new uses are listed in Table 1 (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Epidemiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%