Inductively coupled plasmas as atomization cells for atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Montaser, Akbar; Fassel, Velmer A.

doi:10.1021/ac50005a021

Cited by 93 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The latter can be found in the fields of materials processing [2][3][4], gas volume cleaning [5] and for the construction of sources of ions [6], radicals [7] and photons [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of remote field electromagnetic boundary conditions on microwave-induced plasma torches

Jimenez-Diaz¹,

Dijk²,

Mullen³

2011

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Abstract.A flexible versatile electromagnetic model constructed with the PLASIMO platform is employed to explore electromagnetic features of microwave induced plasma torches. The bases, formed by a full-vector formulation of the Maxwell equations, provides the possibility to formulate the boundary conditions in a natural way. Together with the use of a direct matrix solver this gives a convergence speed-up of more than a factor of 100 when compared to a scalar formulation on the azimuthal magnetic field that uses an iterative solver. As a result this electromagnetic model is ready to act in future studies as part of the self-consistent description of plasma-electromagnetic coupling. With the electromagnetic model three types of configuration were studied: the closed, semi-open and open configurations, all three based on the same simplified model-plasmas. It is found that the closed configuration, acting as a cavity for which the (de)tuning is extremely sensitive for the plasma conditions, is less suitable for applications in which changes in plasma compositions can be expected. The semi-open configuration can be seen as a model for the practice often used in laboratories to place Microwave Induced Plasma torches in a grid that aims to protect the environment against microwave electromagnetic radiation. Calculations show that this is good practice provided the radius of this cylindrical grid is in the order of 90 mm. For the most often used configuration, the open version, we found that the power balance as expressed by the coefficients of absorption, transmission and reflection, depends on the electron density of the plasma. The reason is that the plasma acts as an antenna, that converts the electromagnetic waves from the co-axial structure to that of the expansion region and that this antenna function depends on the electron density. The influence of various other antenna elements is investigated as well.

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“…The latter can be found in the fields of materials processing [2][3][4], gas volume cleaning [5] and for the construction of sources of ions [6], radicals [7] and photons [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of remote field electromagnetic boundary conditions on microwave-induced plasma torches

Jimenez-Diaz¹,

Dijk²,

Mullen³

2011

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…After complete drainage, the columns were allowed to stand for 24 h. After this period, the columns were disassembled and the earth was air-dried for 24 h. The 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers were separated and sent to the laboratory to carry out chemical analysis of the saturation extract (saturate-paste) extracted by vacuum in a Kitasato. In each saturation extract, the Ca, Mg, K, Al, Si, P, and S levels were quantified using an Argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES), as described in Montaser and Fassel (1976). Soil electrical conductivity and pH were evaluated in previously calibrated condutivimeter and pH meter .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical properties of an Oxisol after gypsum application

Moraes¹,

Melo²,

Brito³

2016

SCA

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Gypsum utilization is a critical practice in agriculture because of the high solubility and consequent relative neutralization of subsurface toxic aluminum. However, it has been observed that in most cases, gypsum is being randomly utilized without scientifically established parameters or even the need to use it as a soil amendment at all. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and electrical conductivity of an Oxisol's saturation extract under different gypsum doses (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 Mg ha -1 ). This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse environment. Soil columns (V = 1.57 dm3) were filled with sifted (2 mm) soil collected from the upper layer (0-20 cm). The experimental design adopted was completely randomized with five repetitions. The treatments consisted of a 5 × 2 factorial through five gypsum doses (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 Mg ha -1 of gypsum consisting of 224.1 g kg -1 S, 314.8 g kg -1 CaO, and 7 g kg -1 P2O5) and two depth evaluations (0-10 and 10-20 cm). After the treatments, soil from both 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers was removed from the columns, sifted once (2 mm), and subjected to vacuum extraction to assess the saturation extract. The data acquired was processed and submitted to variance analysis (when due) and adjusted to regression equations when statistically relevant. Significant increases were observed for Ca, Mg, K, P, and S, although Al, Si, and pH presented no statistically significant difference. The electrical conductivity value of this soil in particular is directly related to the gypsum dose. Key words: Agricultural gypsum. Leaching. Salinization. ResumoA aplicação do gesso agrícola é importante na agricultura por sua alta solubilidade e consequente neutralização relativa do alumínio tóxico na camada superficial do solo. Entretanto, tem-se observado a ocorrência de aplicações com base em critérios aleatórios, sem embasamento científico coerente com a experimentação agrícola. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a composição química e condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico sob diferentes doses de gesso (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 Mg ha -1 ). O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente de casa de vegetação. Colunas de solo (V = 1,57 dm 3 ) foram preenchidos com solo peneirado (2 mm) coletado na camada superficial (0-20 cm). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos testados resultaram de um fatorial 5 x 2 em que os fatores foram cinco doses de gesso (0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -4,0 e 8,0 Mg ha -1 de gesso agrícola (224,1 g kg -1 de S, 314,8 g kg -1 de CaO e 7 g kg -1 de P 2 O 5 ) e 2 profundidades de amostragem (0-10 e 10-20 cm). Após os tratamentos, ambas as camadas de solo (0-10 cm e 10-20 cm) foram removidas das colunas, peneiradas (2 mm) e submetidas a extração à vácuo para obtenção do extrato de saturação. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análises de variância e ajustados às equações de regressão, quando diferiram estatisticamente. Enquanto os teore...

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“…A radiação absorvida é normalmente fruto da excitação dos elétrons de ligação, nas moléculas, ou dos elétrons da camada d, nos íons metálicos. De maneira geral, a absortividade molar ε varia de 0 a 105 L/(mol.cm) [7]. O máximo de absorção ε é dependente da concentração, da probabilidade de transição energética P e da seção transversal A.…”

Section: Absorção Da Radiaçãounclassified

Análise Comparativa Entre Dois Métodos De Obtenção De Sílica E Alumina Em Minério De Ferro

Tavares¹,

Dantas²,

Silva³

et al. 2017

Anais Dos Seminários De Redução, Minério De Ferro E Aglomeração

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ResumoA espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X (FRX ou XRF) é uma das técnicas analíticas mais utilizadas em geoquímica. Na indústria mineral também se utiliza a espectrometria de absorção atômica (AA). A comparação de concentrações de sílica e alumina de oito amostras padronizadas de minério de ferro obtidas a partir das técnicas FRX e absorção atômica, constitui o objetivo deste trabalho. Foram realizadas análises dos mesmos padrões em outros dois laboratórios para reprodutibilidade dos resultados. Foram utilizados um espectrômetro FRX e um espectrômetro de absorção atômica para realização dos ensaios. As análises produziram resultados satisfatórios, com desvios médios de 0,502 para a sílica e 0,096 para a alumina. Palavras-chave: Espectrometria; Raio-X; Absorção atômica; Minério de ferro. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF ATTAINMENT OF SILICA AND ALUMINA IN IRON ORE AbstractThe spectrometry of fluorescence of rays X (FRX or XRF) is one of the used analytical techniques more in geochemistry. In the mineral industry also the spectrometry of atomic absorption (AA). The comparison of concentrations of silica and alumina of eight standardized samples of iron ore gotten from techniques FRX and atomic absorption constitutes the objective of this work. They had been carried through analyses of the same standards in others two laboratories for reprodutibility of the results. A spectrometer FRX and a spectrometer of atomic absorption for accomplishment of the assays had been used. The analyses had produced resulted satisfactory, with average shunting lines of 0,502 for silica and 0,096 for alumina..

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Inductively coupled plasmas as atomization cells for atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Cited by 93 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of remote field electromagnetic boundary conditions on microwave-induced plasma torches

Effect of remote field electromagnetic boundary conditions on microwave-induced plasma torches

Chemical properties of an Oxisol after gypsum application

Análise Comparativa Entre Dois Métodos De Obtenção De Sílica E Alumina Em Minério De Ferro

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