Induction of Epigenetic Alterations by Dietary and Other Environmental Factors

Mathers, John C.; Strathdee, Gordon; Relton, Caroline L

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380864-6.00001-8

Cited by 262 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Eating behaviors have been suggested as important confounders in the relationship between inflammation and the lipid profile. 20,21 Consumption of some foods seems to control oxidative stress through DNA methylation, 22 and some dietary patterns affect proinflammatory markers in pediatric populations. 21 Therefore, the absence of an association in the active group could be mediated partially by the association between sport practice and better eating behaviors in adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mediating Role of Physical Inactivity on the Relationship between Inflammation and Artery Thickness in Prepubertal Adolescents

Cayres

Lira

Machado‐Rodrigues

et al. 2015

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Objective To analyze the relationship between inflammatory markers and the lipid profile, blood flow, and artery structure in prepubertal adolescents stratified according to sports practice. Study designThe sample was composed of 120 adolescents (57 boys and 63 girls) with a mean age of 11.7 AE 0.7 years (ranging from 11 to 13 years). Intima-media thickness (IMT) and blood flow were measured with ultrasonography. The lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured after the subjects had fasted for 12 hours overnight. Trunk fatness was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Organized sports participation was analyzed as a categorical variable. Biological maturation was determined via the age at peak height velocity.Results In the adjusted model, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was significantly related to high-density lipopro- H igh-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to interleukin-6, which is directly related to vascular inflammation.1,2 During the atherosclerotic process, hsCRP is associated with greater permeability of the intima layer through stimuli of intercellular/vascular cell adhesion molecules. hsCRP also acts in processes related to oxidation of lipoproteins in the vascular wall.2,3 Strategies to counteract inflammation status commonly include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies. In the latter, lifestyle changes frequently are used, especially improved diet, giving up smoking, and practicing physical exercise. 4 Q5Indeed, physical exercise at moderate intensity plays an anti-inflammatory role. 4,5 Its prolonged practice has been linked to the control the progression of intima-media thickness (IMT) in hypertensive adults 6 and also in healthy adolescents. 7,8Recently, studies have reported that behavioral variables can modulate the relationship between the progression of artery IMT and its risk factors.9,10 For instance, smoking exacerbates the relationship between age and the metabolic syndrome components and age and carotid IMT (cIMT) in young adults. 10 In contrast, the same harmful effect related to age has been observed relating to physical inactivity.9 However, physical inactivity seems to exacerbate the relationship between cIMT Q6and overweight, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia in adults. 9The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between hsCRP and the lipid profile, blood flow, and artery IMT in prepubertal adolescents who were stratified according to their engagement in sports practice. It was hypothesized that inflammation would be positively and strongly related to cardiovascular/metabolic outcomes in inactive youth compared with the active ones, independent of body fatness and biological maturation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mediating Role of Physical Inactivity on the Relationship between Inflammation and Artery Thickness in Prepubertal Adolescents

Cayres

Lira

Machado‐Rodrigues

et al. 2015

The Journal of Pediatrics

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“…For example, knowledge is limited about the interactions among different genes and about the net effects on health outcome of multiple gene variants interacting with nutrition. There is good evidence that diet (and other lifestyle exposures) has an impact on epigenetic factors, though how this impact affects health remains poorly understood (Mathers et al 2010). In addition, the important step from knowledge about a diet-gene interaction to the development of clear advice on changes in nutritional intake or other behavioral change has proven complex.…”

Section: Can Ethics Help To Solve This Problem?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we know enough? A scientific and ethical analysis of the basis for genetic-based personalized nutrition

et al. 2013

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This article discusses the prospects and limitations of the scientific basis for offering personalized nutrition advice based upon individual genetic information. Two divergent scientific positions are presented, with an ethical comment. The crucial question is whether the current knowledge base is sufficiently strong for taking an ethically responsible decision to offer personalized nutrition advice based upon gene-diet-health interaction. According to the first position, the evidence base for translating the outcomes of nutrigenomics research into personalized nutritional advice is as yet immature. There is also limited evidence that genotype-based dietary advice will motivate appropriate behavior changes. Filling the gaps in our knowledge will require larger and better randomized controlled trials. According to the second position, personalized nutrition must be evaluated in relation to generally accepted standard dietary advice-partly derived from epidemiological observations and usually not proven by clinical trials. With personalized nutrition, we cannot demand stronger evidence. In several specific cases of gene-diet interaction, it may be more beneficial for individuals with specific genotypes to follow personalized advice rather than general dietary recommendations. The ethical comment, finally, considers the ethical aspects of deciding how to proceed in the face of such uncertainty. Two approaches for an ethically responsible way forward are proposed. Arguing from a precautionary approach, it is suggested that personalized dietary advice should be offered only when there is strong scientific evidence for health effects, followed by stepwise evaluation of unforeseen behavioral and psychological effects. Arguing from theoretical and applied ethics as well as psychology, it is also suggested that personalized advice should avoid paternalism and instead focus on supporting the autonomous choice of each person.

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“…These mechanisms are implicated in cognition, eating disorders, depression, autism and schizophrenia (25,(31)(32)(33) . Studies on other epigenetic mechanisms involving RNA methylation, non-coding microRNA, telomere control and chromosomal position effects should also provide new understanding of mechanisms linking nutrition and brain health (23,34,35) .…”

Section: Nutrition and Gene Expression: Epigeneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it has been argued that heritable maintenance in the brain may be less of an issue than replicationindependent methylation change and chromatin remodelling (22) . Many environmental factors, including nutrition, physiological and psychological stress, chemicals and infections, exert powerful influences on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) . This, together with the realisation that epigenetic marks can be transmitted between generations, suggests that the boundary between environmental and heritable risks for disease is less distinct than recognised previously (29) .…”

Section: Nutrition and Gene Expression: Epigeneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in nutrition, genes and brain health

Dauncey

2012

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

117

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Molecular mechanisms underlying brain structure and function are affected by nutrition throughout the life cycle, with profound implications for health and disease. Responses to nutrition are in turn influenced by individual differences in multiple target genes. Recent advances in genomics and epigenomics are increasing understanding of mechanisms by which nutrition and genes interact. This review starts with a short account of current knowledge on nutrition-gene interactions, focusing on the significance of epigenetics to nutritional regulation of gene expression, and the roles of SNP and copy number variants (CNV) in determining individual responses to nutrition. A critical assessment is then provided of recent advances in nutrition-gene interactions, and especially energy status, in three related areas: (i) mental health and well-being, (ii) mental disorders and schizophrenia, (iii) neurological (neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative) disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Optimal energy status, including physical activity, has a positive role in mental health. By contrast, sub-optimal energy status, including undernutrition and overnutrition, is implicated in many disorders of mental health and neurology. These actions are mediated by changes in energy metabolism and multiple signalling molecules, e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). They often involve epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Recent advances show that many brain disorders result from a sophisticated network of interactions between numerous environmental and genetic factors. Personal, social and economic costs of sub-optimal brain health are immense. Future advances in understanding the complex interactions between nutrition, genes and the brain should help to reduce these costs and enhance quality of life.

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Induction of Epigenetic Alterations by Dietary and Other Environmental Factors

Cited by 262 publications

References 160 publications

The Mediating Role of Physical Inactivity on the Relationship between Inflammation and Artery Thickness in Prepubertal Adolescents

The Mediating Role of Physical Inactivity on the Relationship between Inflammation and Artery Thickness in Prepubertal Adolescents

Do we know enough? A scientific and ethical analysis of the basis for genetic-based personalized nutrition

Recent advances in nutrition, genes and brain health

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