Induced Osteogenesis in Plants Decellularized Scaffolds

Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) culture system that closely replicates the in vivo microenvironment of calcifying osteoid is essential for in vitro cultivation of bone-like material. In this regard, the 3D cellulose constructs of plants may well serve as scaffolds to promote growth and differentiation of osteoblasts in culture. Our aim in this study was to generate bone-like tissue by seeding pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), stimulated to differentiate as osteoblasts in culture, onto the decellularised scaffolds of various plants. We then assessed expression levels of pertinent cellular markers and degrees of calcium-specific staining to gauge technical success. Apple scaffolding bearing regular pores of 300 μm seemed to provide the best construct. The bone-like tissue thus generated was implantable in a rat calvarial defect model where if helped form calcified tissue. Depending on the regularity and sizing of scaffold pores, this approach readily facilitates production of mineralized bone.

Plant Tissues as 3D Natural Scaffolds for Adipose, Bone and Tendon Tissue Regeneration

“…However, their application for tissue engineering purposes [i.e., cardiac tissue regeneration, ( Gershlak et al, 2017 ) muscle regeneration] ( Modulevsky et al, 2014 ) is still poorly investigated, ( Modulevsky et al, 2014 ) focused on few 3D tissues, such as apple, ( Modulevsky et al, 2016 ) or limited to 2D plant tissues, such as leaves ( Gershlak et al, 2017 ). Moreover, most pioneer works published so far on the use of decellularized plant tissues aim at demonstrating the suitability of plant tissues as potential scaffolds, ( Modulevsky et al, 2016 ; Fontana et al, 2017 ; Adamski et al, 2018 ; Dikici et al, 2019 ) with only few examples targeting at the regeneration of specific tissues ( Gershlak et al, 2017 ; Lee et al, 2019 ; Cheng et al, 2020 ). The decellularized plants microarchitectures can mimic the complexity of native human tissues, with no need of multi-step material processing associated to the majority of natural and synthetic polymer derived scaffolds ( Jammalamadaka and Tappa, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Decellularized apple scaffolds, characterized by an open porosity, provided media transfer and supported mammalian cell growth up to 12 weeks of in vitro culture (Modulevsky et al, 2014). The in vivo implantation of apple-derived scaffolds resulted in the growth of functional blood vessels in the material after 8 weeks (Modulevsky et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2019). Thus, the pro-angiogenic features of scaffolds obtained from vegetables and their interconnected porous structures make them potential candidates for the proliferation and survival of cells and tissues growth.…”

“…Tubular scaffolds resulting from parsley, bamboo and vanilla stems ( Fontana et al, 2017 ) were successfully decellularized and an efficient cell proliferation was observed after recellularization. Three-dimensional plant structures were also obtained by decellularization procedures from green onion bulb ( Cheng et al, 2020 ) and apple hypanthium ( Modulevsky et al, 2014 , 2016 ; Hickey et al, 2018 ; Lee et al, 2019 ). A similar strategy was adopted for fungi tissues to obtain decellularized mushroom caps ( Balasundari et al, 2012 ).…”

Repositioning Natural Antioxidants for Therapeutic Applications in Tissue Engineering

“…Matrices obtainable via plant tissue decellularization [ 37 ] are extremely challenging in the tissue engineering field and scaffolding for 3D cell cultures, however, they could need smart functionalization because of some lack of biochemical mammalian cues [ 38 ]. Strategically, plant-derived scaffolds and decellularized matrices [ 39 ] are biocompatible [ 40 ], bioprintable [ 41 ], and suitable to induce human stem cell differentiation [ 42 ] like osteogenesis from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Polysaccharides, another class of natural biomaterial, are feasible polymers to develop ideal non-immunogenic scaffolds, usually in the form of hydrogels [ 43 ].…”

Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of All-Solid-State Batteries Using a Surface-Modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode

“…Over the past several decades, the use of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has grown tremendously, triggering the revolutionary development of personal electronics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Recently, LIBs have been applied to energy storage systems (ESS) and electric vehicles, and consequently are in the midst of a new growth phase.…”