Indonesian Society of Respirology (ISR) Consensus Statement on Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection in Indonesia

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality for all cancer globally and in Indonesia. In Indonesia, lung cancer contributes to 12.6% of death of all cancer, making it the number one cause of cancer death, and 8.6% of all cancer incidence in 2018, behind breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. The total cases per year are expected to almost double from 30,023 in 2018 to 54,983 cases in 2040. Smoking is among the risk factors for lung cancer, after occupational/environmental risk factors, history of lung fibrosis, and family history of cancer. There was a tendency of younger smokers in Indonesia and increased lung cancer incidence and prevalence in the younger population. The median age of lung cancer in Indonesia was younger than in any country, probably due to the younger age of smoking, early onset of carcinogens, asbestos use, and environmental. Lung cancer screening is a voluntary measure to detect lung cancer in the earliest stage, to find cancer at curable disease before symptoms appear in high-risk individuals. Lung cancer early detection is strategies to find cancer earlier after symptoms appear (cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain). Low-dose computerized tomography of the thorax (LDCT) screening has been known to reduce lung cancer mortality compared to a chest x-ray (CXR). This Indonesian Society of Respirology consensus statement was aimed to give recommendations on lung cancer screening and early diagnosis in Indonesia.

Relationship Between Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio, Muscle Mass and Fat Mass Percentage with Quality of Life in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

“…This rise may be attributed to genetic factors passed down through generations and influenced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, asbestos, and exposure to radon gas 11 . Andarini et al 12 explained that individuals at high risk of lung cancer include those aged >45 years, with a history of smoking or passive smoking, occupational or environmental exposure, and a history of pulmonary fibrosis.…”

Overview of Lung Cancer

“…Patients who are diagnosed with lung cancer typically exhibit symptoms like hemoptysis, dyspnea, chronic cough, chest pain, or weight loss (Hana and Faizah, 2023). Regretfully, the appearance of symptoms typically indicates that a condition has progressed (Andarini et al, 2023).…”

“…The risk assessment is used to determine who is most likely to develop lung cancer. Age and tobacco use are two examples of weighted factors (Andarini et al, 2023). A common definition of pulmonary nodules is rounded or irregular opacities that can be up to 3 cm in diameter and are either well or poorly defined.…”

“…For additional treatment, a subsequent LDCT is completed 1 after 2 months. In contrast, if no lung nodules or other non-cancerous abnormalities (such as an aortic aneurysm, coronary artery calcification, or tumors/benign disease outside of the chest) are found after every 2-year control with LDCT, a follow-up for other respiratory diseases is recommended (Andarini et al, 2023).…”

“…Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Indonesia, accounting for 12.6% of all cancer deaths. In 2018, lung cancer accounted for 8.6% of all cancer cases, trailing after breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer (Andarini et al, 2023). Over 80% of lung cancer cases are caused by tobacco use, which also happens to be the world's greatest preventable cause of mortality (Thandra et al, 2021).…”