Indonesian Life Expectancy: Role of Health Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Status

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of health infrastructure and public socio-economic status on life expectancy in Indonesia. Health infrastructure indicators are health personnel, health facilities, and health insurance. Meanwhile, socio-economics indicators are dependency ratio, income inequality, and poverty. The models are estimated using a panel data set for 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2016. This research is using a fixed-effect panel data approach. Empirical results show that health personnel and health insurance have a positive relationship with life expectancy. Dependency ratios and poverty also show a negative relationship with life expectancy. On the other hand, the availability of health facilities and income inequality have a weak relationship with life expectancy. This empirical examination result will help Indonesian governments to improve several aspects in order to increase life expectancy in Indonesia. AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis peran infrastruktur kesehatan dan status sosial ekonomi masyarakat terhadap angka harapan hidup di Indonesia. Indikator infrastruktur kesehatan diantaranya tenaga kesehatan, fasilitas kesehatan, dan jaminan kesehatan. sedangkan indikator dari sosial ekonomi adalah beban ketergantungan, ketimpangan pendapatan, dan kemisinan. Model diesimasi menggunakan panel data dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia periode tahun 2010 hingga 2016. Pendekatan fixed effect digunakan untuk tujuan penelitian ini. Hasil empiris menunjukkan tenaga kesehatan dan jaminan kesehatan memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan angka harapan hidup. Beban ketergantungan dan kemiskinan juga memiliki hubungan negatif dan signifikan dengan angka harapan hidup. Pada sisi yang lain ketersediaan fasilitas kesehatan dan ketimpangan pendapatan memiliki hubungan yang lemah denganngka harapan hidup. Hasil empiris ini akan membantu pemerintah Indonsia untuk meningkatkan beberapa aspek dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan angka harapan hidup di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: pembangunan manusia, angka harapan hidup, infrastruktur kesehatan, sosial-ekonomi JEL Code: O15, O18 conclude that there is bi-directional causality between CO2 emissions and economic growth, between health expenditure and economic growth.Likelihood tests and Hausman tests are performed to determine the best approach Signifikan:between Common Effects, Fixed Effects, and Random Effects. The last step is the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the t-statistic test to determine the correlation value between variables in this study.

Angka Harapan Hidup Di Era Desentralisasi (Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Barat)

“…Tafran et al, (2020), perlunya mengukur pendapatan minimum suatu rumah tangga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar makanan dan non makanan, adanya populasi yang pendapatannya kurang dari batasan minimum akan kesulitan untuk mendapatkan standar kesehatan maupun harapan hidup. Kristanto et al, (2019) menjelaskan peningkatan beban ketergantungan dan kemiskinan dan menurunkan angka harapan hidup. Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat menjadi salah satu bagian dalam mengurangi angka kemiskinan sehingga dapat meningkatkan angka harapan hidup.…”

Determinants of life expectancy and clustering of provinces to improve life expectancy: an ecological study in Indonesia

“…Health system is the main support for health status [2,[14][15][16][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Indonesian provinces that are underdeveloped faced more difficulties to access healthcare [18][19][20][21][22].…”

“…Indonesian provinces that are underdeveloped faced more difficulties to access healthcare [18][19][20][21][22]. Differences of development on facilities may have caused of differences in health services [30] that will affect health. Provinces with lower number of healthcare facilities and health workforce per population have lower life expectancy rates [2].…”

“…Provinces with lower number of healthcare facilities and health workforce per population have lower life expectancy rates [2]. Health workforce availability will assure of access to health services needed, securing the public health efforts that eventually will improve the health status of the community [30]. Insurance ownership creates an opportunity to get access to services, and further ease the financing to get access to and intensive medical care [30].…”

“…Socioeconomic and demographic factors also influence life expectancy [2,[14][15][16][17][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Declining of income inequality contributes to increasing life expectancy in Indonesia [30]. Higher income per capita is associated with higher life expectancy [31].…”