Individual muscle force parameters and fiber operating ranges for elbow flexion–extension and forearm pronation–supination

Hale, Rena; Dorman, Daniel B.; Gonzalez, Roger V.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.11.009

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…The variation of E rot obtained from our innovative biomechanical model is in agreement with the results of kinematic studies using cadaveric specimens [16], [17] and virtual and resin models of the upper-limb skeleton [18]–[20], as well as with analysis on forearm discomfort [21] and on electromyographic signals of the forearm pronators [7].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Biomechanics of Forearm Rotation: Force and Efficiency of Pronator Teres

et al. 2014

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Biomechanical models are useful to assess the effect of muscular forces on bone structure. Using skeletal remains, we analyze pronator teres rotational efficiency and its force components throughout the entire flexion-extension and pronation-supination ranges by means of a new biomechanical model and 3D imaging techniques, and we explore the relationship between these parameters and skeletal structure. The results show that maximal efficiency is the highest in full elbow flexion and is close to forearm neutral position for each elbow angle. The vertical component of pronator teres force is the highest among all components and is greater in pronation and elbow extension. The radial component becomes negative in pronation and reaches lower values as the elbow flexes. Both components could enhance radial curvature, especially in pronation. The model also enables to calculate efficiency and force components simulating changes in osteometric parameters. An increase of radial curvature improves efficiency and displaces the position where the radial component becomes negative towards the end of pronation. A more proximal location of pronator teres radial enthesis and a larger humeral medial epicondyle increase efficiency and displace the position where this component becomes negative towards forearm neutral position, which enhances radial curvature. Efficiency is also affected by medial epicondylar orientation and carrying angle. Moreover, reaching an object and bringing it close to the face in a close-to-neutral position improve efficiency and entail an equilibrium between the forces affecting the elbow joint stability. When the upper-limb skeleton is used in positions of low efficiency, implying unbalanced force components, it undergoes plastic changes, which improve these parameters. These findings are useful for studies on ergonomics and orthopaedics, and the model could also be applied to fossil primates in order to infer their locomotor form. Moreover, activity patterns in human ancient populations could be deduced from parameters reported here.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Biomechanics of Forearm Rotation: Force and Efficiency of Pronator Teres

et al. 2014

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“…Different grasps, as well as possible rotations of the humerus that might be expected if the posture of the body and arm were not constrained, could have elicited substantial differences between the orientation of the handle and that of the forearm. Although the requirement for grasping implies that finger muscles were involved, which have mechanical actions at the wrist (Gonzalez et al 1997;Hale et al 2011), our supplementary data suggest that grasping is unlikely to contribute to major biomechanical changes with forearm orientation. More specifically, we demonstrated in supplementary experiment 1 that, with a similar level of constraint upon the rotation of the wrist and forearm as in the main experiment, hand grasping elicited similar rotation of musclepreferred direction (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Changes in wrist muscle activity with forearm posture: implications for the study of sensorimotor transformations

Rugy

Davoodi

Carroll

2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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The primate wrist is an ideal model system for studying the reference frames in which movements are coded within the central nervous system, as a simple rotation of the forearm allows dissociation between extrinsic and body-referenced coordinates. Important information regarding coordinate frame transformations has been obtained using this system, particularly from studies involving extracellular cortical and spinal recordings from monkeys. Because preferred directions of muscle use were reported to rotate by less than half of the joint rotation, the system was considered to dissociate three reference frames: extrinsic (direction of movement in space), muscle (activity of muscles), and joint (angle of the wrist joint). However, given the relatively minor changes in reported muscle biomechanics with human forearm rotation, the reported distinction between joint space and muscle space is surprisingly large. Here, we reassessed patterns of wrist muscle activity with changes in forearm posture in humans, during an isometric force-aiming task with a device that enabled stringent control of the musculoskeletal configuration. Results show that the preferred directions for wrist muscle activation closely follow forearm orientation (i.e., by 88%). Control experiments confirmed this, whether the hand was clamped passively by a device or grasped a handle. Furthermore, the remaining 12% discrepancy between intended changes in wrist orientation and muscle use also occurred for muscle-pulling directions obtained by intramuscular electrical stimulation. The findings prompt reconsideration of data based on the previously reported dissociation between joint space and muscle space and have critical implications for future investigations of sensorimotor transformations and their adaptation using the wrist.

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“…Regarding the ROM location condition, different factors have an influence on muscle activation. First, the elbow flexor muscles are at an optimal position to generate moments/forces in the mid-ROM position due to factors such as optimal fiber and moment arm length (Hale et al, 2011;Murray et al, 2000). Second, the elbow moment due to the mass of the forearm is greatest in the mid-ROM position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each trial had a different combination of three variables: (1) angular displacement magnitude of the movement: either 40°or 80°; (2) location of the movement within the participants' full ROM: extension end-ROM, mid-ROM, or flexion-end ROM; and (3) rotated position of the forearm: either supinated or pronated. The first two of these variables allowed for the examination of the desired effects of ROM, while the position of the forearm was included as it is known that this can influence relative muscular contribution during elbow movements (Hale et al, 2011;Murray et al, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for location of ROM, elbow movements within the mid-ROM allow for maximal muscular moment generation, due to optimal muscle fiber lengths and muscular lines of action (Hale, Dorman, & Gonzalez, 2011;Murray, Buchanan, & Delp, 2000). However, movements at the end-ROM likely receive additional proprioceptive feedback due to the increased activation of capsuloligamentous and cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Fuentes & Bastian, 2010;Suprak, 2011), which has been proposed to be part of a safety mechanism preventing a joint from moving beyond its normal ROM (Fuentes & Bastian, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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