Indium tin oxide films made from nanoparticles: models for the optical and electrical properties

Formation of metallic indium-tin phase from indium-tin-oxide nanoparticles under reducing conditions and its influence on the electrical properties

“…Samples which come close to the investigated type of the present study are found at Ederth et al 31,33 ͑Table I͒. Here, 600 nm thick spin-coated thin films of ITO nanoparticles ͑average diameter: 16 nm͒ were temperature treated in a technical vacuum of 0.2 mbar at 500°C.…”

“…At the same time an oxygen-depleted particle surface should form. The main difference between the experiments of Ederth et al 31,33 and this work is the reducing conditions since Ederth et al used a low oxygen partial pressure instead of a reducing forming gas. The detailed differences between these two methods are not yet clear.…”

“…They are usually described as annealing steps in a reducing or an oxidizing atmosphere or a sequence of both. For reducing atmospheres either forming gas 10,19,20,22,23,[26][27][28][29][30] or low oxygen partial pressures 1,14,17,26,[31][32][33][34][35][36] are used. Furthermore, plasma treatments [37][38][39] as well as wet-chemical treatments [40][41][42] are ways to influence ITO's surface properties.…”

Relation between synthesis conditions, dopant position and charge carriers in aluminium-doped ZnO nanoparticles

“…plastics). [31][32][33][34][35][36] A variety of methods such as coprecipitation, 37 sol-gel, 38 microwave assisted polyol route, 39 thermal decomposition synthesis 40 and hydro/solvothermal synthesis 41 as a solvent and reactant. Because of the versatile character of these routes for ZnO, they were selected as a basis for the current work in order to obtain Al-doped ZnO nanocrystals.…”

Sintering of Transparent Conductive Oxides: From Oxide Ceramic Powders to Advanced Optoelectronic Materials

“…The explanation seems to be that the charge carrier density and the mobility of charge carriers is much lower in nano-ITO (Hwang, et al, 2000). Modeling of optical and electrical characteristics of ITO-thin films made of nano-ITO have been elaborated by Granqvist and co-workers (Ederth, et al, 2003).…”