Indium Tin Oxide Coated D-Shape Fiber as a Saturable Absorber for Generating a Dark Pulse Mode-Locked Laser*

Abstract

A dark pulse mode-locked laser is experimentally demonstrated using the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated D-shape fiber as a saturable absorber (SA). Using the polishing wheel technique, a D-shape single mode fiber was fabricated. A 60-nm-thick layer of ITO was deposited over the D-shape fiber using the electron beam deposition method. The SA has a saturation intensity of 40.32 MW/cm2 and a modulation depth of 3.5%. A stable dark pulse mode-locked laser was observed at a central wavelength of 1559.4 nm with repetition rate 0.98 MHz, pulse width 370 ns and signal-to-noise ratio 61 dB.

Recent Progress on Metal‐Based Nanomaterials: Fabrications, Optical Properties, and Applications in Ultrafast Photonics

“…In 2020, Nizamani et al used D-shaped fiber-based ITO SAs as media to achieve ultrafast lasers, in which mode-locked and Q-switched EDFLs were both established, indicating the potential of applications in ultrafast photonics. [123][124][125] In recent years, PbO and MgO have also attracted growing attention due to their excellent optical properties. MgO has high optical transparency, fast recovery time, high temperature stability, and low cost that make it popular in ultrafast optics.…”

Optical modulation in Er-doped fiber laser delivering dark pulse utilizing side polished fiber coated with Ti3AlC2 as saturable absorber

“…Various emerging materials namely graphene [13,14], Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD) [15,16], Topological Insulator (TI) [17,18], Black Phosphorus (BP) [19], MAX phase [20,21] and MXene [22,23] were reported to offer saturable absorption and high nonlinearity properties. So far, these materials are inserted into fiber laser cavity by the means of thin film [24] or coated on side polished fiber (SPF) [25][26][27].…”

Indium Tin Oxide Nanowire Arrays as a Saturable Absorber for Mid-Infrared Er:Ca0.8Sr0.2F2 Laser

“…By now, several reports have treated ITO as a SA and inserted ITO into fiber lasers to realize Q-switched lasers or mode-locked lasers. Almost all lasers are emitted around the 1500 nm band [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. In 2020, Feng et al firstly reported that ITO-NWAs were employed as a SA in all-solid-state lasers and they realized passively Q-switched pulse lasers at 1.0, 1.3 and 2.0 μm [ 43 ].…”