Indium mediated pinacol coupling reaction of aromatic aldehydes in aqueous media

Reduction and coupling reaction of carbonyl compounds by KI/Fe(OH)3in aqueous media

“…Recently, all pinacol coupling reactions in aqueous media required metal reduction of carbonyl compounds, by usage of Ti (12), Cu-Zn (13,14), Al (15,16), Mn (17), In (18), Mg (19), Ga (20), or Sm (21,22), affording inter-or intramolecular coupling products of carbonyl compounds. These reactions produced metal ion and even heavy metal ion with the potential to harm the environment.…”

Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes using La-Ticl4in CH3COOEt under Ultrasound Irradiation

“…A large number of organic reactions, especially many metal-involved reactions, can be carried out in higher yields, shorter reaction time and milder conditions under ultrasound irradiation 15 . Lim et al reported the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with indium using sonication affording the corresponding diols in moderate to good yields 16 ; Basu et al reported the reduction of several aromatic ketones to diols by samarium-ammonium chloride under sonication at room temperature, and the reaction could be completed within 5 min 17. Mecarova and Toma reported the pinacol coupling reaction in aqueous media under ultrasound irradiation and found that ultrasound considerably accelerates the benzaldeyhde's conversion 15 .…”

“…The rare metals mediated the pinacolization of aromatic aldehydes have been reported [16][17][18] . To the best of our knowledge, there were no literature examples of pinacol coupling of aromatic aldehydes and ketones using La-TiCl 4 in ethyl acetate under ultrasound.…”

Studies on the Lanthanum‐Induced Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones in Aqueous Media

“…[2] A lot of methods for pinacol coupling described previously claimed utilization of metals such as Mg, [3] Mn, [4] Al, [5] and In. [6] Within the past several years, the use of lanthanides [7 -11] have been developed to mediate the pinacol coupling reaction. However, anhydrous conditions and long reaction times were required to get satisfactory yields of the reaction products.…”