Indium Chloride‐induced Micronuclei in In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Systems

Abstract

Indium Chloride-induced Micronuclei inIn Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Systems: Ryo Takagi, et al. Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine-Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of indium trichloride (InCl 3 ·4H 2 O; InCl 3 ) using the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test and the in vitro CHL/IU cell micronucleus test. Method: BALB/c mice were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of InCl 3 at a dose 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg b.w. The frequency of micronuclei, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to normochromatic erythrocytes (P/N ratio) and body weight gain were determined 24 h after administration of the InCl 3. In the in vitro micronucleus test, CHL/IU cells were treated continuously for 24, 48, or 72 h in the absence of S9mix (the continuous treatment method) and/or for 6 h with or without S9 mix followed by an 18, 42 or 66 h recovery time (the short time treatment method). The frequency of micronuclei was determined at the end of each culture period. Results: The frequency of micronuclei induced by InCl 3 increased in the in vivo erythroblast-erythrocyte micronucleus test using BALB/c mice at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg b.w. The P/N ratio, a marker of bone marrow toxicity, decreased significantly following the injection of InCl 3 . Body weight gain was also inhibited by InCl 3 . InCl 3 induced micronuclei in the CHL/IU cell micronucleus test in both the continuous treatment method and the short time treatment method, both with and without S9mix. Conclusions: These results suggest that InCl 3 has a genotoxic effect on mammalian cells both in vivo and in vitro. (J Occup Health 2011; 53: 102-109)

Use of and Occupational Exposure to Indium in the United States

“…(34) InCl 3 also exerts a genotoxic effect (i.e., induces micronuclei) on mammalian cells both in vivo and in vitro , possibly due to oxidative stress, (57) similar to findings in rats for InP (52) and ITO. (43) Developmental toxicity has been observed in rats, mice, and rabbits administered InCl 3 orally or intravenously.…”

Genotoxicity of indium tin oxide by Allium and Comet tests

“…ITO also increased mutation in rat alveolar type II cells (Driscoll et al 1997) and carcinogenicity in male and female rats (Nagano et al 2011). Indium chloride also induced micronuclei formation (Takagi et al 2011;Lin et al 2011). Due the ability of the Comet assay to detect low levels of DNA damage in different cell types, the Comet assay represents a powerful tool with which to identify DNA damage.…”

Indium chloride‐induced micronuclei via reactive oxygen species in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells

“…According to Takagi et al, MN was induced in bone‐marrow erythroblasts in BALB/c mice after 24 h administration of InCl 3 ; and when treated with 4 μM InCl 3 for 48 h, there was significant increase in MN frequency in Chinese hamaster lung/IU cells. They also demonstrated that incubation of Chinese hamaster lung/IU cells in 4 μM InCl 3 for 6 h followed by 42 h recovery period could significantly induce MN generation (Takagi et al, ). We selected Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells) for this study due to their widely applications in studies of DNA damage and DNA repair.…”

“…It is established that InAs is carcinogenic to human and indium phosphide (InP) is probably carcinogenic or considered to be carcinogenic to human based on the long‐term animal model (Beyersmann and Hartwig, ). After 24 h treatment, InCl 3 expresses a genotoxic effect in erythroblast‐erythrocyte of BALB/c mice and Chinese hamster lung cell line (Takagi et al, ). However, there is no evidence showing genotoxicity of InCl 3 with short‐term treatment.…”