Indium and Gallium-Mediated Addition Reactions

Abstract

Indium and gallium have emerged as useful metals in organic synthesis as a result of its intriguing chemical properties of reactivity, selectivity, and low toxicity. Although indium belongs to a main metal in group 13, its first ionization potential energy is very low and stable in H 2 O and O 2 . Therefore, indium-mediated organic reactions are of our current interest. On the basis of these properties of indium, many efficient indium-mediated organic reactions have been recently developed, such as the addition reactions of allylindium to carbonyl and iminium groups, the indium-mediated synthesis of 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)homoallenylsilanes, the indiummediated allylation of keto esters with allyl halides, sonochemical Reformatsky reaction using indium, the indium-mediated selective introduction of allenyl and propargyl groups at C-4 position of 2-azetidinones, the indium-mediated Michael addition and Hosomi-Sakurai reactions, the indium-mediated β-allylation, β-propargylation and β-allenylation onto α,β-unsaturated ketones, the highly efficient 1,4-addition of 1,3-diesters to conjugated enones by indium and TMSCl, and the intramolecular carboindation reactions. Also, we found gallium-mediated organic reactions such as addition reactions of propargylgallium to carbonyl group and regioselective allylgallation of terminal alkynes.

Ultrasonic Assisted and Conventional Synthesis of Schiff Base and Metal Complexes: A Comparative Study

“…These are also used as protective agents in natural rubber [17] .Impact of ultrasound waves on chemical reactivity is explained by using term 'Sonochemistry' . Ultrasound irradiation method for organic synthesis as a green synthetic technique is a powerful method that is being increasingly used to accelerate organic reactions [18][19][20][21][22] . Ultrasound waves have frequencies higher than the ones to which the human ear can respond (> 20 KHz) (Hz = Hertz = cycles per second).…”