Indiscriminate SARS-CoV-2 multivariant detection using magnetic nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunosensing

The critical experimental aspects for developing pathogen electrochemical biosensors: A lesson during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Thus, nanostructured carbon is another most used electrode material in developing SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensors. It was found that except for the three magnet-assisted biosensors that directly used unmodified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as their detection platform [ 29 , 30 , 48 ], other studies involved using carbon-based electrodes all underwent surface modifications with nanostructured carbon, such as graphene, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Although different types of nanostructured carbon have been used, two distinctive approaches for effective functionalization of the carbon backbone can be concluded herein, namely the generation of the endogenic active groups through physical-chemical activation and the insertion of the exogenous active groups through linkage agents addition ( Fig.…”

Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine

“…Table 3 Biosensors designed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 MBs magnetic beads, SPAuE screen-printed gold electrode, SPCE screen-printed carbon electrode, pABA p-aminobenzoic acid, FET fieldeffect transistor, PFDT perfluorodecanethiol, GCE glassy carbon electrode, SPE screen-printed electrode, TFME thin-film metal electrode, MIP molecularly imprinted polymer, AuNPs gold nanoparticles, FTO fluorinated tin oxide, MB methylene blue, GO graphene oxide, CNF carbon nanofibers, SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotube, UiO-66 Universitetet i Oslo-66, MP-Au-SPE macroporous gold screen-printed electrode, CNT carbon nanotube, GC glassy carbon, BDD boron-doped diamond, bbZnO buffer-based zinc oxide, rGO reduced graphene oxide, PPy-NTs polypyrrole in nanotubular morphology, PI polyimide, WO 3 tungsten oxide, ssDNA single-stranded DNA, CPE carbon paste electrode, CHA catalytic hairpin assembly, TdT terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, Ru(NH 3 ) SPCE-pABA 1.065 fg/mL [192] Graphene-FET 1 fg/mL [187] TiO 2 nanotubes 0.7 nM [188] Electrode-PFDT 38.6 copies/mL [193] Graphene electrode 260 nM [194] Electrode-DNA-antibody complex 1 pg/mL [195] GCE-Pd-Au nanosheet-MBs 0.0072 ng/mL [196] SPE -Cu 2 O 0.04 fg/mL [197] In 2 O 3 /ZnO transistors 865 × 10 −18 M [198] Au-TFME-MIP 4.8 pg/mL [199] Capacitive interdigitated electrode-L cysteine 750 pg/μL/mm 2 [200] SPCE-MBs-AuNPs 0.35 ag/mL [201] Interdigitated Au electrode-carboxymethyl chitosan 0.179 fg/mL [202] FTO-AuNPs 0.63 fM [203] Gold-clusters-cysteamine 9.3 ag/mL [204] SPCE-MBs 0.53 ng/mL [205] MB-GO 0.58 pg/mL [206] CNF-AuNP 7 pM [207] SPCE-AuNP 2.63 ng/mL [208] SiO 2 @UiO-66/SPCE 100 fg/mL [209] MP-Au-SPE-MIP 0.7 pg/mL [210] CNT-FET 4.12 fg/mL [211] S and N protein Glucometer 0.71 pM (N), 0.34 pM (S) [212] FET-SWCNT 0.55 fg/mL (S), 0.016 fg/mL (N) [213] MBs-SPE 19 ng/mL (S), 8 ng/mL (N) [189] N protein MIP-Au electrode 15 fM [214] Microelectrode array, microfluidic 3.16 fg/mL [215] GC/BDD/Au 0.227 / 0.334 / 0.362 ng/mL…”

An Exploration of Nanoparticle-Based Diagnostic Approaches for Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV

“…Through an immunosensor utilizing MNPs conjugated to a mixture of antibodies, Durmus at al. were able to obtain higher detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants when compared to commercially available anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 (anti-S1) and anti-S2 monoclonal antibodies [ 98 ]. The device’s LOD ranged from 0.53–0.75 ng/mL as opposed to the anti-S1 LOD of 0.93 ng/mL and the anti-S2 LOD of 0.99 ng/mL.…”

“…To this end, the developed device showcased better ability to separate positive and negative samples with higher rates of variant detection. Nonetheless, it should be stated that the mixture of antibodies is derived from human samples, a method that is relatively unsustainable and has limit potential of mass production [ 98 ]. An alternative method of variant detection could be aptamer-based biosensing, an approach successfully demonstrated by Ellipilli et al, where DNA aptamer targeting a variant’s S protein is conjugated to AuNPs.…”