Indirect measures as a signal for evaluative change

Perugini, Marco; Richetin, Juliette; Zogmaister, Cristina

doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.810145

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The correlation between implicit and explicit shyness was larger in a condition in which the participants thought more about information that was related to shyness, compared to a condition in which the participant thought less about that subject. Both studies suggest that a better self‐perception or awareness with respect to a specific personality domain increases the implicit–explicit consistency in that domain (Egloff et al, ; see also Perugini, Richetin, & Zogmaister, ). To further test this hypothesis in future studies, self‐perception of the personality trait under study might also be manipulated in other ways than by activating information concerning the personality trait.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

et al. 2017

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This systematic review presents the current state of research investigating the implicit self-concept of personality. First, we present results on meta-analyses estimating internal consistency, reliability coefficients, the implicit-explicit consistency and the single association predictive effect of implicit self-concept of personality measures. To do this, studies were aggregated over personality domains. Second, for each of the Five Factor personality domains, different aspects of construct validity and predictive validity are reviewed in a narrative way. Results show that implicit self-concept of personality measures are reliable, and there is evidence for the construct and predictive validity of these implicit measures, especially in the extraversion and agreeableness domains of personality. However, it must be kept in mind that clear evidence for publication bias was found for studies examining the single association predictive pattern. Finally, this systematic review identifies some achievable improvements that are needed in future research. Large cross-lab efforts are important in this respect. Moreover, the implicit self-concept of personality field must move from an 'ad hoc' to a 'validation' approach in developing new indirect measurement tasks. By adopting these research objectives, the information processing account of personality will increase its potential to become integrated into mainstream personality theory and research. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology Key words: systematic review; meta-analysis; self-concept; personality; implicit measures Human beings consider it important to gain insight into their person(ality). Unfortunately, research has demonstrated that we can have blind spots with respect to the behavioural manifestations of our selves (e.g. Hofmann, Gschwendner, & Schmitt, 2009;Hofmann & Wilson, 2010;Wilson, 2002;Wilson & Dunn, 2004). According to psychoanalytic tradition, humans lack self-knowledge because they are motivated to keep unpleasant and anxious thoughts/feelings outside awareness. The more contemporary view on the failure of self-knowledge holds that much of the information that people capture with their senses is processed outside awareness, simply because the amount of information is too large to be consciously processed. Several mental functions operate outside conscious awareness, including aspects of learning, attention, interpretation, emotions and goal-setting (Hofmann & Wilson, 2010;Wilson, 2002). Wilson (Wilson, 2002;Wilson & Dunn, 2004) calls these non-conscious processes the 'adaptive unconscious', as they are vital for daily functioning. Several mental functions that are largely processed in the adaptive unconscious are part of-and are combined in-the construct of personality.In personality psychology research, direct self-report measures are the standard measurement tasks for assessing individual differences in personality. People are directly asked about characteristics of their personality, based on introspection. T...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

et al. 2017

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“…First, to reduce the possibility that participants base their answers to the contingency awareness questions on other information, we provided participants with the opportunity to indicate that they did not know the stimulus–action contingency. Second, we counterbalanced the order of the evaluative priming task and the explicit rating task to exclude the possibility that performing the implicit evaluation task first changed the effects on explicit evaluations (see Perugini, Richetin, & Zogmaister, 2014). Third, to focus and allocate test power to the question whether contingency awareness moderates AA training effects even if participants are never told that contingencies between stimuli and actions exist, none of the participants received any contingency information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach–Avoidance Training Effects Are Moderated by Awareness of Stimulus–Action Contingencies

Dessel

Houwer

Gast

2015

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a stimulus changes the liking of that stimulus. In two experiments, we investigated the relationship between, on one hand, effects of approach-avoidance (AA) training on implicit and explicit evaluations of novel faces and, on the other hand, contingency awareness as indexed by participants' memory for the relation between stimulus and action. We observed stronger effects for faces that were classified as contingency aware and found no evidence that AA training caused changes in stimulus evaluations in the absence of contingency awareness. These findings challenge the standard view that AA training effects are (exclusively) the product of implicit learning processes, such as the automatic formation of associations in memory.

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“…First, we aimed to replicate the finding that AA instructions cause a direct influence on implicit evaluation in the absence of changes in explicit evaluation. In contrast to Experiment 1, we counterbalanced the order of the IAT and the explicit rating task to exclude the possibility that performing the implicit evaluation task first, changed the effects on explicit evaluations (see Perugini, Richetin & Zogmaister, 2014 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instructing implicit processes: When instructions to approach or avoid influence implicit but not explicit evaluation

Dessel

Houwer

Gast

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Previous research has shown that linking approach or avoidance actions to novel stimuli through mere instructions causes changes in the implicit evaluation of these stimuli even when the actions are never performed. In two high-powered experiments (total N = 1147), we examined whether effects of approach-avoidance instructions on implicit evaluations are mediated by changes in explicit evaluations. Participants first received information about the evaluative properties of two fictitious social groups (e.g., Niffites are good; Luupites are bad) and then received instructions to approach one group and avoid the other group. We observed an effect of approach-avoidance instructions on implicit but not explicit evaluations of the groups, even when these instructions were incompatible with the previously obtained evaluative information. These results indicate that approach-avoidance instructions allow for unintentional changes in implicit evaluations. We discuss implications for current theories of implicit evaluation.

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Indirect measures as a signal for evaluative change

Cited by 15 publications

References 41 publications

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

Approach–Avoidance Training Effects Are Moderated by Awareness of Stimulus–Action Contingencies

Instructing implicit processes: When instructions to approach or avoid influence implicit but not explicit evaluation

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