Indirect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for corrosion detection in external post-tensioned tendons: 1. Proof of concept

Alexander, Christopher L.; Orazem, Mark E.

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108331

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Measurements can be done by imposing a direct current [414][415][416] or an alternative current at several frequencies [417][418][419][420][421]. The DC method can be referred to as indirect GP-similar to timedomain induced polarization (TDIP) used in geophysics-while the AC method can be referred as indirect EIS-similar to spectral induced polarization (SIP) used in geophysics.…”

Section: Measurement In Four-electrode Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforced concrete structures: A review of corrosion mechanisms and advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring

Rodrigues

Gaboreau

Gance

et al. 2021

Construction and Building Materials

184

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Steel corrosion is the main cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. We provide an up-to-date review on corrosion mechanisms and recent advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring. When assessing corrosion mechanism, the inherent heterogeneity of RC structures and the significant effect of environmental factors remain major issues in data interpretations. The steel surface condition and local inhomogeneities at the steel-concrete interface appear to have an important effect on corrosion initiation. Considering uniform corrosion in atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete, the two main influencing factors of the corrosion process are the water content and the pore structure at the steel-concrete interface. However, irrespective of the depassivation mechanism, i.e. carbonation or chloride-induced corrosion, nonuniform corrosion is expected to be the main process for RC structures due to local variations in environmental exposure or the presence of interconnected rebars with different properties. Future studies may then be focused on their effect on macrocell corrosion to gain further insights in the corrosion mechanisms of RC structures. Concerning corrosion monitoring using electrical methods, the half-cell potential technique with potential mapping is accurate for locating areas with a high corrosion risk. Recent developments in the measurement of concrete resistivity have shown that the use of electrical resistivity tomography allows to consider appropriately the inherent heterogeneity of concrete and provides more insights on transport phenomena (e.g. water and salts ingress) in the material. Nevertheless, during the corrosion propagation stage, the polarization resistance remains the most important parameter to be determined as it provides quantitative information of the corrosion rate. If conventional three-electrode configuration methods can supply an accurate determination in the case of uniform corrosion, they often fail in the case of macrocell corrosion in field experiments. Recent advances have shown that a four-electrode configuration without any connection to the rebar can rather be used for the non-destructive testing and evaluation of corrosion. If studies are still required to quantify the corrosion rate, this method appears sensitive to localized corrosion and thus more suitable to field investigations. Finally, the coupling of numerical simulations with complementary electrical and other non-destructive testing methods is essential for consolidating the results to provide a better diagnosis of the service life of RC structures.

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Section: Measurement In Four-electrode Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforced concrete structures: A review of corrosion mechanisms and advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring

Rodrigues

Gaboreau

Gance

et al. 2021

Construction and Building Materials

184

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“…This technique applies an alternating current between two electrodes and measures the resulting potential difference between the other two electrodes, all electrodes being generally placed in Wenner configuration, i.e., with the same probe spacing between each four electrodes. It was shown that the results obtained with this configuration were qualitatively similar to those obtained using the conventional EIS technique, with a similar capacitive loop at low frequencies [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In addition to this indirect EIS technique, it was also proposed that an indirect GP technique can also be used to determine the corrosion rate of steel embedded in concrete using a similar four-electrode configuration [33,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The main difference with the EIS technique is that a direct current is applied in GP rather than an alternating current. As for the conventional GP technique in three-electrode configuration, it was proposed to use an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) to fit the results in order to extract the values of the EEC component and then calculate the corrosion rate [20,28,30,31,34,35]. By using an appropriate EEC, Fahim et al have obtained similar corrosion rate values when using conventional electrochemical techniques and their patented connectionless electrical pulse (CEPRA) technology, which typically apply a current in the range of 0.5 to 2 mA on concrete surface [9,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Galvanostatic Pulse in Wenner Configuration: Numerical Insights into Its Physical Aspect and Its Ability to Locate Highly Corroding Areas in Macrocell Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

Rodrigues

Gaboreau

Gance

et al. 2020

CMD

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The use of indirect electrical techniques is gaining interest for monitoring the corrosion of steel in concrete as they do not require any connection to the rebar. In this paper, we provide insights into the physical aspects of the indirect galvanostatic pulse (GP) method in the Wenner configuration. Considering uniform corrosion, the instantaneous ohmic drop is decreased due to the presence of the rebar, which acts as a short-circuit. However, we observed that this phenomenon is independent of the electrochemical parameters of the Butler–Volmer equation. They are, however, responsible for the nonlinear decrease of the current that polarizes the rebar over time, especially for a passive rebar due to its high polarization resistance. This evolution of the resulting potential difference with time is explained by the increase of the potential difference related to concrete resistance and the global decrease of the potential difference related to the polarization resistance of the rebar. The indirect GP technique is then fundamentally different than the conventional one in three-electrode configuration, as here the steady-state potential is not only representative of polarization resistance but also of concrete resistance. Considering non-uniform corrosion, the presence of a small anodic area disturbs the current distribution in the material. This is essentially due to the different capability of anodic and cathodic areas to consume the impressed current, resulting in slowing down the evolution of the transient potential as compared to uniform corrosion. Hence, highly corroding areas have a greater effect on the transient potential than on the steady-state one. The use of this temporal evolution is thus recommended to qualitatively detect anodic areas. For the estimation of their length and position, which is one of the main current problematic issue when performing any measurement on reinforced concrete (RC) structures with conventional techniques, we suggest adjusting the probe spacing to modulate the sensitivity of the technique.

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“…This technique requires a direct connection to the steel, which in some cases, implies digging across the concrete to expose the steel. To avoid this situation, researchers had explored the use of electrochemical analysis (Keddam et al, 2009;Alexander and Orazem, 2020b), with contact-less measurements, which could calculate steel corrosion using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Those tests are made with lab potentiostats such as Gamry Reference 3000 (Gamry, USA) or VersaSTAT 4.0 (Princeton Applied Research).…”

Section: Typical Techniques Of Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Measurement Systems Based on Microcontrollers to Test Durability of Structures: Mini-Review

Segura

Osma

2020

Front. Built Environ.

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Corrosion presence is a recurrent concern in buildings and structures that use steel as their core or as reinforcement, due to the change of steel's properties caused by this phenomena. Therefore, methods to detect and quantify corrosion had been developed; some are based on electrical and electrochemical measurements. On reinforced concrete structures, sometimes there are exposed steel bars which are visible, but on those, a visual inspection could determine corrosion presence. There exist different options to measure the steel bars' corrosion and its level. The more straight forward consists of cutting through the concrete until the bar is exposed and connecting a measurement device there. A disadvantage of this technique is that steel has to be exposed to the environment during the measurement; as an alternative, novel contact-less electrochemical techniques are getting more popular. Recent advances in low-cost and portable electrochemical devices and embedded sensors can change how the structures are tested. Moreover, there is a discussion about how those devices, if developed for other fields as biosensors, can assist in other areas. This mini-review also gives some hints of what the future trends could be due to the combination of those areas.

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Indirect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for corrosion detection in external post-tensioned tendons: 1. Proof of concept

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Reinforced concrete structures: A review of corrosion mechanisms and advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring

Reinforced concrete structures: A review of corrosion mechanisms and advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring

Indirect Galvanostatic Pulse in Wenner Configuration: Numerical Insights into Its Physical Aspect and Its Ability to Locate Highly Corroding Areas in Macrocell Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

Portable Measurement Systems Based on Microcontrollers to Test Durability of Structures: Mini-Review

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