Indices of Windchill of Clothed Persons

Steadman, Robert G.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1971)010<0674:iowocp>2.0.co;2

Cited by 167 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…Morning dew-point temperature has been identified as a key mortality indicator in prior research (Kalkstein & Davis 1989, Smoyer et al 2000, so in summer, 07:00 h LST air temperature is also a proxy for moisture. In winter, most daily biophysical indices incorporate some version of wind speed along with air temperature (Steadman 1971, Osczevski 1995, Quayle & Steadman 1998, Bluestein & Zecher 1999. However, our analysis is at the monthly rather than daily scale, so mean wind speed adds little intrinsic value.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change

Davis¹,

Knappenberger²,

Michaels³

et al. 2004

Clim. Res.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change

Davis¹,

Knappenberger²,

Michaels³

et al. 2004

Clim. Res.

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“…The subjective difficulty of the Minnesota test is not related to clothing insulation but only to WCET and exposure time. The regression equation (based on 18 samples: 9 WCET * 2 durations) is: Difficulty = 2.93 -0.018 * WCET * duration 0.37 (r=0.89) [8] Order effects The design was balanced for ambient temperature, wind speed, clothing and time of day (morning, afternoon). Therefore, order effects are excluded.…”

Section: Cold and Difficulty Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later, Steadman 2,8) calculated the WCET based on models of human heat transfer. For several decades these two wind-chill indices were used simultaneously with resulting confusion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Daanen

2009

Ind Health

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Decreased dexterity is a major problem for manual work during prolonged cold exposure. Manual task performance deteriorates and therefore the number of accidents increases in the cold 1) . Also, the safety of others can be compromised, for instance an aircraft loading crew that is seriously affected by cold can unintentionally threaten the safety of the flying personnel. Therefore, directives are needed to indicate when a decrease in manual performance is to be expected so that a fresh crew can take over in time. Factors influencing the exposure time are 1) climatic factors: ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation; 2) personal factors: fat insulation, susceptibility to cold, acclimatization; 3) metabolic rate; 4) clothing insulation.It would be unachievable to vary all these factors in a single experiment; therefore we determined the most critical factors for a study aimed to quantify the dexterity decrease in the cold. We decided to vary two climatic factors and clothing insulation and to take the worst case for personal factors (less than average fat percentage, not previously exposed to cold) and metabolic rate (sitting in rest).Since the humidity content in cold air is low, this factor was left out. Steadman 2) previously estimated the impact of solar radiation, so the remaining thermal factors included in the analysis are ambient temperature and wind speed. These two factors are combined in the Wind Chill Index (WCI) or Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WCET).The WCET is commonly used as an estimator for the risk for freezing cold injuries 3, 4) but it is also used to estimate cold related mortality 5) and dexterity decrease 6, 7) . Siple and Passel 3) first introduced the WCI-term based on empirical data. Using the WCI, the 'subjective' temper- Abstract: Manual performance during work in cold and windy climates is severely hampered by decreased dexterity, but valid dexterity decrease predictors based on climatic factors are scarce. Therefore, this study investigated the decrease in finger-and hand dexterity and grip force for nine combinations of ambient temperature (-20, -10 and 0˚C) and wind speeds (0.2, 4 and 8 m·s 2 ), controlled in a climatic chamber. Finger dexterity was determined by the Purdue pegboard test, hand dexterity by the Minnesota manual dexterity test and grip force by a hand dynamometer. Twelve subjects with average to low fat percentage were exposed to cold air for one hour with and without extra insulation by a parka. The subjects were clothed in standard work clothing of the Royal Netherlands Air Force for cold conditions. Extra insulation did affect cold sensation but not manual performance. The deterioration in manual performance appeared to be strongly dependent upon Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WCET) and the square root of exposure time (r=0.93 for group average). These simple models may be valuable to assess problems with work in the cold, but more work should be done to determine critical values in dexterity for a wide variety of operational ta...

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“…Notably, drought, heat waves, and sea surface temperatures have also been utilized to assess thermal environments [11]. An advanced scheme integrates factors using empirical equations for evaluating thermal environments, such as the wind-chill index [12], apparent temperature [13] and tourism climate index [14]. However, these indices only address some of the relevant meteorological parameters and do not include thermal physiology or heat balance of the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran

Daneshvar¹,

Bagherzadeh

Tavousi

2013

Open Geosciences

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Indices of Windchill of Clothed Persons

Cited by 167 publications

References 0 publications

Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change

Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran

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