“…Combined with ground-based measurements, satellite data offers improved accuracy of SOM estimates, providing a comprehensive analysis of soil fertility indicators (Belenok et al, 2021;Huang et al, 2018;Weiss, Jacob and Duveillerc, 2020;Chen et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2021;Yuzugullu et al, 2020). Satellite imagery, particularly multispectral and hyperspectral images, are essential tools in assessing SOM due to their ability to capture reflectance and absorption properties of different soil constituents (Luo et al, 2023;Gopp et al, 2017;Gopp et al, 2019;Khangura et al, 2023). Organic matter influences reflectance in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions, making these spectral bands key in SOM evaluation (Reis et al, 2021;Bouasria et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021;Yuzugullu et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021).…”