Indian mustard bioproducts dry-purification with natural adsorbents - A biorefinery for a green circular economy

Phase equilibria of mixtures involving fatty acid ethyl esters and fat alcohols between 4 and 27 kPa for bioproduct production

“…Biomass harnessing in accordance with the biorefinery and green circular economy concepts to generate energy carriers and high valueadded products from conversion technologies satisfying the eco-design, eco-energy and eco-materials criteria is an essential environmental, economic and social issue [1,2]. Production of biodiesel and biolubricants from non-edible oilseed plants by reactive distillation using transesterification as conversion route is such an illustration [2,3]. Indeed, first, this class of biomass does not bring about indirect land use change and even often contributes to soil improvement (erosion prevention or biofumigation).…”

“…Indeed, first, this class of biomass does not bring about indirect land use change and even often contributes to soil improvement (erosion prevention or biofumigation). It also offers a wide range of applications beneficial for human and his environment by using all the biomass (pharmaceuticals, feed, biopesticides…) [1,2,4]. Second, the other possible oil conversion routes into biolubricants (through estolide formation or epoxidation followed by acetylation) are economically less favorable than transesterification that can be used to produce both bioproducts successively (with biodiesel being a precursor of biolubricants) [3,5,6].…”

“…Second, the other possible oil conversion routes into biolubricants (through estolide formation or epoxidation followed by acetylation) are economically less favorable than transesterification that can be used to produce both bioproducts successively (with biodiesel being a precursor of biolubricants) [3,5,6]. Third, thanks to its intensification, reactive distillation offers significant savings in terms of material and energy consumed and effluents produced [2,7]. Lastly, besides reducing dependence on fossil resources and environmental footprint thanks to their biodegradability, biodiesel and biolubricants also improve the economic and social development of a country through employment opportunities and the required education upstream [2,7,8].…”

“…Third, thanks to its intensification, reactive distillation offers significant savings in terms of material and energy consumed and effluents produced [2,7]. Lastly, besides reducing dependence on fossil resources and environmental footprint thanks to their biodegradability, biodiesel and biolubricants also improve the economic and social development of a country through employment opportunities and the required education upstream [2,7,8].…”

“…Compared to the commonly commercialized methyl biodiesel, ethyl biodiesel has better biodegradability, higher flash point, improved coldflow properties and oxidation stability, and lower emissions of NOx, CO, and ultrafine particles [9,10]; not to mention the possibility of integrating the ethanol fermentation industry into the production process of biodiesel and biolubricants (by using ethanol and fusel oil respectively) [3,8]. Moreover, biolubricants whose fatty acid group is esterified with long-chain alcohol such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-octanol, or even 1dodecanol exhibit excellent lubricating characteristics, especially for metalworking applications [2,3,5]. Non-edible oils with high amounts of oleic and linoleic acids (30-40% each) and much lower level of linolenic acid, such as oils from Balanites aegyptiaca (BA), cottonseeds, or Indian mustard seeds, are considered optimal for producing biofuel and biolubricants exhibiting a good balance between thermal-oxidative stability, viscosity and cold-flow properties [2,6,11].…”