Independent folding of individual components in hybrid proteins

Abstract

Inactivation of the Escherichia coli repressor protein, LexA, takes place through a cleavage reaction which hydrolyzes the Ala84-Gly85 peptide bond near the center of the molecule. The mechanism of cleavage has previously been shown to be an intramolecular reaction stimulated in vitro by elevated pH or by the addition of activated RecA protein. The entire self-cleavage activity of LexA has been found to lie within a 135-residue tryptic fragment extending from Leu68 to the end of the protein at Leu202. Since the activity of self-cleavage is dependent on the proper three-dimensional structure of the protein, we have used it as a probe to investigate the extend of folding autonomy and functional independence of this 135-residue carboxy-terminal domain of LexA by applying a protein fusion approach. A series of twelve different hybrid proteins, containing LexA sequences in a variety of predefined primary structural arrangements, were constructed and evaluated for whether or not self-cleavage activity has been retained. The results revealed that retention or loss of activity is independent of the nature or size of the foreign protein used. Loss of self-cleavage was found to be a function of amino-or carboxy-terminal deletions in the self-cleaving LexA component of the fusion proteins. The present findings, together with the observations of other artificial fusions proteins and the naturally occurring bifunctional and multifunctional proteins, along with the data on helix packing, provide further support for the notion of modular architecture of proteins and suggest that when these autonomous units are fused, they retain their tendency to fold independently of the remainder of the polypeptide to generate physically linked active domains, rather than to fold dependently and yield scrambled structures.LexA is a 202-residue protein which commonly represses the SOS genes of Escherichia coli (for reviews, see Little and Mount, 1982; Walker, 1984). These genes, largely responsible for DNA repair, are expressed following inactivation of the LexA repressor as a result of damaging treatments, such as irradiation with ultraviolet light. Repressor inactivation takes place via a cleavage reaction which cuts the protein near its center at the Ala84-Gly85 peptide bond.LexA repressor cleavage is an intramolecular reaction which proceeds efficiently at elevated pH or in the presence of activated RecA protein at neutral pH (Little, 1984). The exact role required of the in vivo RecA protein is not known, but current evidence indicates that it stimulates the intramolecular self-cleavage reaction (Little, 1984;Slilaty et al., 1986;Slilaty and Little, 1987). This self-cleavage reaction displays a pK of about 9.8 at 37°C and a first-order half-life of approximately 8 min at the same temperature, and at a pH near the pK (Slilaty et al., 1986). Self-cleavage is catalyzed by the repressor residues Serll9, which participates as a nucleophile in formation of the transition state, and Lys156, the unprotonated form of which acts as an activator o...

Construction and characterization of two lexA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium with different UV sensitivities and UV mutabilities

“…In addition, the SOS induction assays indicated that the putative LexA552 protein would not suffer autoproteolytic cleavage by RecA coprotease, even though it contains the amino acids apparently involved in this process (13,36). This agrees with the fact that only protein fusions containing the entire 135 carboxy-terminal residues of LexA of E. coli are self-cleavable (35).…”

“…On the basis of its sequence, this transcript should encode a fusion protein of about 29 kDa, containing the first 184 amino acids encoded by lexA and 82 amino acids encoded by the HindIII fragment of Tn5. Therefore, since this LexA552 protein would lack the last 18 amino acids of the C-terminal domain, its normal DNAbinding activity would be inhibited and it would be unable to cleave itself (32,35).…”

Ribosome‐mediated translational pause and protein domain organization

“…Domains have been often observed to fold independently of the remainder of polypeptide. A few of many examples include lysozyme (Radford et al, 1992), thermolysin (Corbett & Roche, 1986), aspartate transcarbamylase (Maley & Davidson, 1988), lexA repressor (Slilaty et al, 1990), exotoxin (Brinkmann et al, 1992), and Tu elongation factor (Nock et al, 1995). Though it is not always clear that single domains (and domain-segments) fold independently, ends of such segments certainly delineate transition from one structural unit to another.…”