Increasing the Reinforcing Value of Exercise in Overweight Adults

Flack, Kyle D.; Ufholz, Kelsey; Johnson, LuAnn K.; Roemmich, James N.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00265

Cited by 9 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Furthermore, individuals become more sensitive to a reinforcing stimulus as it is repeated, causing the stimulus to be more salient and more attractive, leading to wanting the stimulus more. Flack et al (2019a , b) have investigated exercise protocols lasting 3 months under this paradigm, and found that more frequent exercise, or exercise with more total volume (i.e., 300 kcal/day, 5 days/week) can increase the relative reinforcing value of exercise compared to sedentary activities in a group of untrained and overweight individuals. It is unknown if physical activity, outside of exercise, can become more rewarding and salient with repeated exposure, particularly for those who are typically inactive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving

et al. 2020

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To better explain daily fluctuations in physical activity and sedentary behavior, investigations of motivation are turning from social cognitive frameworks to those centered on affect, emotion and automaticity, such as the Affect and Health Behavior Framework (AHBF), Integrated Framework and Affective-Reflective Theory (ART). This shift has necessitated: (a) re-examination of older theories and their constructs, such as drives, needs and tensions and (b) an inspection of competing theories from other fields that also attempt to explain dynamic changes in health behaviors. The Dynamical Model of Desire, Elaborated Intrusion Theory and others commonly share with AHBF the idea that human behavior is driven strongly by desires and/or the similar concepts of wants, urges, and cravings. These affectively-charged motivation states (ACMS) change quickly and may better explain physical activity behavior from one moment to the next. Desires for movement predominantly derive from negative but also positive reinforcement. Data from clinical populations with movement dysfunction or psychiatric disorders provides further evidence of these drivers of movement. Those with Restless Legs Syndrome, akathisia, tic disorders and exercise dependence all report strong urges to move and relief when it is accomplished. Motor control research has identified centers of the brain responsible for wants and urges for muscular movement. Models elaborated herein differentiate between wants, desires, urges and cravings. The WANT model (Wants and Aversions for Neuromuscular Tasks) conceptualizes desires for movement and rest as varying by magnitude, approach or avoidance-orientation (wants versus aversions) and as occupying independent dimensions instead of opposite ends of the same axis. For instance, one hypothetically might be in a state of both high desire for movement and rest simultaneously. Variations in motivation states to move and rest may also be associated with various stress states, like freezing or fight and flight. The first validated instrument to measure feelings of desire/want for movement and rest, the CRAVE

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving

et al. 2020

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“…We have recently demonstrated greater doses of exercise are needed to instigate this process, possibly because a high-dose exercise program can increase the tolerance for exercise intensity to allow it to become a reinforcing behavior (Flack et al, 2019a, 2019c). Specifically, expending 3000 kcal per week (five sessions/week, 600 kcal per session) increased the reinforcing value of exercise, while exercising to expend 1500 (five sessions/week 300 kcal per session) did not (Flack et al, 2019b). These results support an earlier investigation where low doses of exercise (450 or 900 kcal per week) were effective at reducing the reinforcing value of sedentary behaviors but did not increase exercise reinforcement (Flack et al, 2019c).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Version 26 (IBM corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). Power Analysis : Our recent study (Flack et al, 2019b) demonstrated significant increases in exercise reinforcement after 12 weeks of high-dose exercise (five sessions per week, 600 kcal expended per session). Using an 80 percent power and 95 percent confidence level, 15 participants per group were needed to detect a significant change in exercise reinforcement (Pmax) from baseline to post-intervention.…”

Section: Analytic Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously demonstrated a high-dose exercise intervention to be effective at increasing exercise reinforcement (5 days per week, 600 kcal per session; Flack et al, 2019b), while low-dose interventions (3 days per week at 150 or 300 kcal per session) are effective at decreasing sedentary behavior reinforcement, but not capable of instilling incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement (Flack et al, 2019c). The development of sensitization of drug abuse can be dose-dependent (Liu et al, 2005), and if drug abuse and exercise follow similar patterns (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement to increase exercise behaviors

2020

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Individuals can be sensitized to the reinforcing effects of exercise, although it is unknown if this process increases habitual exercise behavior. Sedentary men and women (body mass index: 25–35 kg/m2, N = 52) participated in a 12-week aerobic exercise intervention. Exercise reinforcement was determined by how much work was performed for exercise relative to a sedentary alternative in a progressive ratio schedule task. Habitual physical activity was assessed via accelerometry. Post-intervention increases in exercise reinforcement predicted increases in physical activity bouts among those who expended over 2000 kcal per week in exercise and who compensated for less than 50 percent of their exercise energy expenditure.

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“…Flack and colleagues have investigated exercise protocols lasting 3 months under this paradigm, and found that more frequent exercise, or exercise with more total volume (i.e. 300 kcal/day, days/week) can increase the relative reinforcing value of exercise compared to sedentary activities in a group of untrained and overweight individuals (94,95). It is unknown if physical activity, outside of exercise, can become more rewarding and salient with repeated exposure, particularly for those who are typically inactive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting and Craving

Stults‐Kolehmainen¹,

Blacutt²,

Bartholomew³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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To better explain daily fluctuations in physical activity and sedentary behavior, investigations of motivation are turning from cognitive-based theories, such as Self-Determination Theory, to those centered on affect and emotion, such as the Affect and Health Behavior Framework (AHBF) and Affective-Reflective Theory (ART). This shift necessitates: a) a re-examination of older frameworks to understand ill-defined concepts, such as the action impulse and tensions and b) an inspection of competing theories from other fields that also attempt to explain dynamic changes in other health behaviors. The Dynamical Model of Desire and Elaborated Intrusion Theory commonly share with AHBF the idea that human behavior is driven strongly by desires and/or the similar concepts of wants, urges and cravings. These affectively charged motivational states change quickly and may better explain physical activity behavior from one moment to the next. Data from clinical populations with movement dysfunction or psychiatric disorders provides further evidence of these drivers of movement. Those with Restless Legs Syndrome, Akathisia, tic disorders and exercise dependence all report strong urges to move and relief when it is accomplished. Motor control research has identified centers of the brain responsible for wants and urges, mainly it seems that the inferior parietal lobule is mainly responsible for “wanting to move” while the “mesial precentral area” is responsible for the “urge to move”. Models elaborated herein differentiate between wants, desires and urges. They also conceptualize desires for movement and rest as varying by intensity, approach-orientation and as occupying independent dimensions as opposed to opposite ends of the same axis. For instance, one hypothetically might be in a state of both high desire for move and rest simultaneously. Variations in move and rest may also be associated with various stress states, like freezing or fight and flight. The first validated instrument to measure feelings of desire/want for movement and rest, the CRAVE Scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) is in the current section of this special issue. With these advances in theory, conceptual modelling and instrumentation, future investigations may explore the effects of desires and urges for movement and sedentary behavior in earnest.

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Increasing the Reinforcing Value of Exercise in Overweight Adults

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving

Incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement to increase exercise behaviors

Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting and Craving

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