Incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement to increase exercise behaviors

Flack, Kyle D.; Hays, Harry M.; Moreland, J. D.

doi:10.1177/1359105320914073

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, one might construe that urge and desires for activity and sedentary behaviors are stable and/or may be highly influenced by intra-individual traits. Substantial individual differences have been noted not only in physical activity, exercise and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) ( Levine et al, 2005 ), but also in the acute averse and rewarding effects of physical activity ( Bauman et al, 2012 ; Flack et al, 2020 ). Such a trait would likely possess a strength that is normally distributed throughout the population and expressed most strongly in young age ( Garland et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

et al. 2021

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Physical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE: Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors “at the present moment (right now).” Items related to physical activity (e.g., “move my body”) and sedentary behaviors (e.g., “do nothing active”). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n = 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years- two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = 0.72–0.95) and Rest (ICC = 0.69–0.88) were higher than when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = 0.53; Rest: ICC = 0.49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-min lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between move and both perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. These data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020a). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

et al. 2021

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“…On the other hand, one might construe that urge and desires for activity and sedentary behaviors are stable and/or may be highly influenced by intra-individual traits. Substantial individual differences have been noted not only in physical activity, exercise and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) (149), but also in the acute averse and rewarding effects of physical activity (6, 150). Such a trait would likely possess a strength that is normally distributed throughout the population and expressed most strongly in young age (44).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: Development and validation of the CRAVE scale

Stults‐Kolehmainen

Blacutt

Gilson

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Energy expenditure undulates throughout the day and likely motivation for it. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE) to measure transient wants or desires for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to construct and validate the scale, with 1035 subjects completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, participants (n= 402, M_age = 20.9 +/- 3.2) completed a questionnaire inquiring about the 'want' or 'desire' to perform behaviors 'at the present moment'. Seven items related to physical activity (e.g., move my body). Eight items addressed sedentary behaviors (e.g., rest my body). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that 13 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (rest, move). In Study 2 (n= 444, M_age = 20.3 +/- 2.9) a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for the model (CFI=.99, RMSEA=.049). Items loaded strongly onto two latent factors (>.7). Rest/move were inversely related for both sets of factor analyses (-.75 for both). In Study 3, 127 participants (M_age= 28.1 +/- 7.9) completed the CRAVE up to 10 times over a 2-year period. Cronbach alphas were high (>.86). A linear mixed model revealed that test-retest reliability was stronger when the CRAVE was administered twice on the same day (>.73) than compared to retest over 6-month intervals (>.37). In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 participants (M_age = 20.5 +/- 1.4). The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post, along with other surveys for perceived physical fatigue. Desire to move decreased 35% and rest increased 61%. Changes in perceived physical fatigue correlated with move (r= -.52) and rest (r= .53). In Study 5, 41 university students (M_age = 22.5 +/- 5.1) sat quietly during a 50-minute lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 times points along with the Activation/Deactivation Checklist. Desire to move increased 15% while rest decreased 15%. Perceived energy, but not tension, was related to both move (r= .38) and rest (r= -.38). In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. Future studies need to explore how desires to move and rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

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“…In this light, an exercise intervention that exposes individuals, repeatedly, to bouts of exercise can produce increases in exercise reinforcement (Flack et al, 2019a(Flack et al, ,b, 2021Ufholz et al, 2019). However, recent evidence by our group indicates changes in exercise reinforcement from pre-to post-exercise intervention are not correlated with the overall compensatory response to that exercise intervention (Flack et al, 2018(Flack et al, , 2019a(Flack et al, , 2020a(Flack et al, , 2021. This could be due to the large individual variability in the compensatory response noted above, where some individuals may increase their exercise reinforcement and have greater motivation to exercise while others do not.…”

Section: Role Of Rewards and Motivation In Energy Compensationmentioning

confidence: 85%

Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss

et al. 2023

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Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses. A commonly reported compensatory response to exercise is increased food intake (i.e., Calories in) due to increased hunger, increased desire for certain foods, and/or changes in health beliefs. On the other side of the CICO model, exercise training can instigate compensatory reductions in EE that resist the maintenance of an energy deficit. This may be due to decreases in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), increases in sedentary behavior, or alterations in sleep. Related to this EE compensation, the motivational states associated with the desire to be active tend to be overlooked when considering compensatory changes in non-exercise activity. For example, exercise-induced alterations in the wanting of physical activity could be a mechanism promoting compensatory reductions in EE. Thus, one’s desires, urges or cravings for movement–also known as “motivation states” or “appetence for activity”-are thought to be proximal instigators of movement. Motivation states for activity may be influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological drives for activity (and inactivity), and such states are susceptible to fatigue-or reward-induced responses, which may account for reductions in NEAT in response to exercise training. Further, although the current data are limited, recent investigations have demonstrated that motivation states for physical activity are dampened by exercise and increase after periods of sedentarism. Collectively, this evidence points to additional compensatory mechanisms, associated with motivational states, by which impositions in exercise-induced changes in energy balance may be met with resistance, thus resulting in attenuated weight loss.

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Incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement to increase exercise behaviors

Cited by 5 publications

References 49 publications

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

Measurement of motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: Development and validation of the CRAVE scale

Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss

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