Increased Waking Salivary Cortisol Levels in Young People at Familial Risk of Depression

Mannie, Zola; Harmer, C J; Cowen, F.R.C.Psych. Philip J.

doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.617

Cited by 152 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Indeed, post hoc analyses showed that CAR was a predictor of elevated depressive symptoms at 6 months post-treatment for women with low depressive symptoms at the baseline assessment, but not for women with high symptoms at baseline. This would be consistent with the observation that individuals with remitted depression demonstrated a larger cortisol awakening response than non-depressed controls (59), and asymptomatic young adults at familial risk for depression exhibit larger CAR than those without family history of depression (60). This is also consistent with a long-standing conceptualization that hypersecretion of CRH, the initial hormone in the HPA cascade, represents an endophenotype for internalizing psychopathology risk, whereas persistence and severity of different types of psychopathology (e.g., depression and PTSD) are associated with diverging patterns of HPA-axis dysregulation (61).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Cortisol Awakening Response as a Prospective Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Women After Treatment for Breast Cancer

et al. 2017

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Objective To investigate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) functioning as a neurobiological risk factor for depressive symptoms in an ongoing longitudinal, observational study of women undergoing treatment and recovery from breast cancer. Many women with breast cancer experience depressive symptoms that interfere with their treatment, recovery, and quality of life. Psychosocial risk factors for depression among cancer patients and survivors have been identified, yet neurobiological risk factors in this population remain largely unexamined. Methods Women recently diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (n = 135) were enrolled before starting neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment (radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy). At baseline, participants collected saliva samples to measure diurnal HPA-axis functioning for 3 days: at waking, 30 minutes post-waking, 8 hours post-waking, and bedtime. Participants also completed a standardized measure of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale; CES-D) at baseline and 6 months after completion of primary treatment. Multivariate regression was used to predict continuous depressive symptoms at 6-months post-treatment from continuous depressive symptoms at baseline, cortisol awakening response (CAR), and other measures of diurnal HPA-axis functioning. Results The magnitude of CAR predicted changes in depressive symptoms over time, such that women with a higher CAR showed a greater increase from baseline to 6 months post-treatment, b = 5.67, p = .023. Diurnal slope and total cortisol output were not associated with concurrent depressive symptoms or their change over time. Conclusions Elevated CAR may be a neurobiological risk factor for increases in depressive symptoms in the months after breast cancer treatment and warrants further investigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Cortisol Awakening Response as a Prospective Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Women After Treatment for Breast Cancer

et al. 2017

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“…However, the associations are likely attributable to the fact that the two conditions share several neurobiological pathways including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis alterations, elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased serotonergic tone [27]. Sleep disorders have been reported to lead to alterations in HPA axis hormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol [27–29]. Alterations of the HPA axis, observed among individuals with suicidal ideation and depressive disorders, may well be one mechanism underlying the consistently observed statistical association of sleep disturbance and suicidal ideation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of suicidal ideation with poor sleep quality among Ethiopian adults

et al. 2016

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Objective To examine the extent to which poor sleep quality is associated with suicidal ideation among Ethiopian adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,054 adults attending outpatient clinical facilities in Ethiopia. Standardized questionnaires were utilized to collect data on demographics, sleep quality, lifestyle, and depression status. Depression and suicidal ideation were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), while the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was utilized to assess sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to estimate adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 24.3% while poor sleep quality (PSQI global score of > 5vs. ≤5) was endorsed by 60.2% of participants. After adjustment for confounders including depression, poor sleep quality was associated with more than 3-fold increased odds of suicidal ideation (AOR=3.46; 95%CI 2.27–5.26). When assessed as a continuous variable, each 1-unit increase in the global PSQI score resulted in a 20% increased odds for suicidal ideation, even after adjusting for depression (AOR=1.20; 95%CI 1.14–1.27). Participants with both poor sleep quality and depression had much higher odds (AOR=24.9, 95% CI 15.2–40.8) of suicidal ideation as compared with those who had good sleep quality and no depression although inferences from this analysis are limited due to the wide 95%CI. Conclusion Suicidal ideation and poor sleep quality are highly prevalent. Individuals with poor sleep quality have higher odds of suicidal ideation. If confirmed, mental health services need to address sleep disturbances seriously to prevent suicidal episodes.

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“…In comparison to the other two groups, participants who consumed B-GOS showed a significantly reduced waking-cortisol response . Exaggerated waking cortisol is a biomarker of emotional disturbances such as depression 45, 46. Furthermore, participants completed an emotional dot-probe task that measures vigilance, or attention to negative stimuli, which is also a behavioural marker of anxiety and depression [47].…”

Section: Human Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria–Gut–Brain Signals

Sarkar

Lehto

Harty

et al. 2016

Trends in Neurosciences

779

565

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Psychobiotics were previously defined as live bacteria (probiotics) which, when ingested, confer mental health benefits through interactions with commensal gut bacteria. We expand this definition to encompass prebiotics, which enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. We review probiotic and prebiotic effects on emotional, cognitive, systemic, and neural variables relevant to health and disease. We discuss gut–brain signalling mechanisms enabling psychobiotic effects, such as metabolite production. Overall, knowledge of how the microbiome responds to exogenous influence remains limited. We tabulate several important research questions and issues, exploration of which will generate both mechanistic insights and facilitate future psychobiotic development. We suggest the definition of psychobiotics be expanded beyond probiotics and prebiotics to include other means of influencing the microbiome.

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Increased Waking Salivary Cortisol Levels in Young People at Familial Risk of Depression

Cited by 152 publications

References 41 publications

Cortisol Awakening Response as a Prospective Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Women After Treatment for Breast Cancer

Cortisol Awakening Response as a Prospective Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Women After Treatment for Breast Cancer

Association of suicidal ideation with poor sleep quality among Ethiopian adults

Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria–Gut–Brain Signals

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