Increased serum sFas and TNFα following isolated severe head injury in males

Abstract

Increased serum sFas and TNFalpha levels following isolated severe TBI did not predict fatal outcome.

Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy for Traumatic Brain Injury

“…49 -52 Increased TNF-␣ concentrations in serum and CSF have been reported in human TBI cases. [53][54][55] In a prospective study to examine the correlation between serum TNF-␣ levels and mortality, Crespo et al, 53 found that although initial TNF-␣ levels were significantly increased in the serum of severely injured patients, this increase did not correlate with mortality.…”

Traumatic brain injury: Can the consequences be stopped?

“…This has led to the proposal that a reduction in the GluR2 content of synaptic AMPA receptors might underlie the observed abnormal calcium homeostasis or hyperexcitability in the central nervous system after brain trauma. Interestingly, tumour necrosis factor α, a proinflammatory cytokine known to infiltrate the injury site following traumatic brain injury, [69][70][71][72] significantly reduces synaptic levels of GluR2 in cultured neurons 65,73 and increases surface expression of AMPA receptors lacking GluR2. Coupled with increased synaptic glutamate, this remodelling of the composition of AMPA receptors by tumour necrosis factor α (released from injured glia and inflammatory cells) leads to post-injury calcium overload.…”

Neurotrauma: The Crosstalk between Neurotrophins and Inflammation in the Acutely Injured Brain

“…Among the most studied predictors of outcome after severe TBI, age is a consistent predictor, as well as GCS scores and pupillary parameters [4]. Moreover, recent studies show a series of blood biomarkers that are useful in the clinical status evaluation of these patients, such as protein S100B and neuron-specific enolase [13,14,15,16] among a number of promising new candidates [13,14,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Thus, establishing the real burden of TBI remains challenging because of its heterogeneity in terms of pathobiology, clinical presentation, and outcome (mortality rates range from less than 1% in mild TBI to up to 50% in severe TBI) [24,25,26].…”