Increased light intensity during in vitro culture improves water loss control and photosynthetic performance of Castanea sativa grown in ventilated vessels

<b>Morphoanatomy and physiology of Pouteria gardneriana Radlk plantlets grown in vitro at varied photosynthetic photon flux densities

“…Consistent with these results, many studies demonstrate that the structural characteristics of the stomata are related to their functionality (Hazarika, 2006). Castanea sativa demonstrate ellipsoid characteristic of stomata when grown in PPFD of 150 μmol m -2 s -1 (Sáez et al, 2012). The structural alterations of the palisade parenchyma of plantlets cultivated at 150 μmol m -2 s -1 do not reduce their photosynthetic capacity because it does not differ from other parameters, like effective quantum yield from photosystem II (ΔF/Fm') and increased CO 2 assimilation, consistent with the dry matter content observed in these plantlets.…”

“…Photoautotrophic techniques, including greater gas exchange between the environment and the inside of the culture flasks (Iarema et al, 2012;Saldanha et al, 2012), that enrich the atmosphere with CO 2 combined with or without more porous support materials (Saldanha et al, 2014), increase PPFD (Shin, Park, & Paek, 2013;Sáez, Bravo, Latsague, Sánchez, & Ríos, 2012) and decrease or eliminate sucrose from the culture medium (Xiao & Kozai, 2006) have been investigated. Studies that seek to improve the environmental conditions for the in vitro culture of native species help in understanding the optimal environmental factors to obtain plantlets with better performance during the acclimatization process.…”

Proline levels, oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic pigments during in vitro growth and acclimatization of Pitcairnia encholirioides L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae)

“…Plant survival in field conditions depends on the quality of in vitro cultures (Faisal and Anis, 2009). The growth regulator, flask closure system and sucrose concentration in the culture medium affect plantlet survival in acclimatization, since these factors may affect the metabolism, modifying the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plants (Lucchesini and Mensuali-Sodi, 2004;Sáez et al, 2012). In addition to the modifications of in vitro culture conditions, several acclimatization procedures can be used, especially those which prevent water loss and biochemical disorders (Aragón et al, 2012).…”

Photochemical Efficiency during the Establishment and Consolidation Phases of in Vitro Pinus radiata Micrograft Made from Scions of Different Ontogenetic Age

“…The latter both are save valves to dissipate higher PSII excitation pressures, which are indicators of higher capacity to handle and take advantage of higher PPFDs. Increments by more than 100% in thermal dissipating capacity of excess light energy has been reported in ventilated vessels respect to traditional in vitro condition [29]. Regardless of vertical location in the ortet, shoot tips show similar values of ETR, indicating that in the field they display similar capacities to conduct absorbed light forwards photochemical processes.…”

“…Hence, Fv/Fm has been commonly assumed as a proxy of photosynthetic capacity, reflecting the photosynthetic apparatus condition and at the same time is considered an ideal monitor of plant health and viability [18] [20] [21] [23]- [25]. Recently chlorophyll fluorescence has become a common tool to assess the photosynthetic performance of in vitro cultured plants [26]- [29]. Thus, [30] reported higher photo-synthesis rates in juvenile and rejuvenated than adult in vitro grown Sequoia sempervirens shoots.…”