Increased intrathecal production of apolipoprotein D in multiple sclerosis

Apolipoprotein D subcellular distribution pattern in neuronal cells during oxidative stress

“…These results could explain, for instance, the high levels of Apo D observed during aging and in several pathological situations like neurodegenerative diseases (Reindl et al, 2001;Thomas et al, 2003b), cancer (Soiland et al, 2007) or obesity (Perdomo et al, 2010). In previous studies, Do Carmo et al (2007) hypothesized that oxidative stress could trigger Apo D expression.…”

“…Interestingly, Apo D is expressed at high levels in the central and peripheral nervous system where its secretion is further increased during regeneration (Boyles et al, 1990;Ganfornina et al, 2010;Spreyer et al, 1990), and aging . Moreover, Apo D expression is up regulated in several human neuropathologies (Navarro-Incio and Tolivia-Fernandez, 2004) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Ordoñez et al, 2012), schizophrenia (Thomas et al, 2003a), Parkinson (Ordoñez et al, 2006) or multiple sclerosis (ME) (Reindl et al, 2001), situations where Apo D overexpression seems to be directly related with increases in oxidative stress and apoptosis . Apo D expression is also increased in several animal models of brain injury Rickhag et al, 2008).…”

Differences in neuroanatomical sites of apoD elevation discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

“…[13][14][15] Additionally, increased intrathecal production of apoD has been observed in multiple sclerosis. 16 Together these data suggest that apoD is increased in response to neurological stress, because of either clinical or mechanical lesioning or active disease pathology. Our previous studies demonstrated an increase in apoD expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate, obtained postmortem from subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but not in other regions, such as cerebellum, substantia nigra, hippocampus and occipital cortex.…”

Doxycycline versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of patients with chronic Lyme borreliosis

“…Intrathecal synthesis of borrelial IgG antibodies was demonstrated in five (10.9%) patients (in one of whom borreliae were isolated from the CSF): in two (4.3%) patients by IFA and in three (6.5%) with the Dako neuroborreliosis assay; however, this could also indicate past CNS infection. Slightly elevated protein concentration (up to 0.67 g/l), which is a very nonspecific finding and can also be demonstrated in other neurological diseases [13][14][15][16], was found in eight (17.4%) patients.…”