Increased Intestinal Absorption of Vitamin U in Steamed Graviola Leaf Extract Activates Nicotine Detoxification

Abstract

Graviola leaves contain much vitamin U (vit U), but their sensory quality is not good enough for them to be developed as food ingredients. Addition of excipient natural ingredients formulated alongside vit U as active ingredients could enhance not only its sensory quality but also its bioavailability. The objectives of this study were to measure the bioaccessibility and intestinal cellular uptake of bioactive components, including rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and vit U, from steamed extract of graviola leaves (SGV) and SGV enriched with kale extract (SGK), and to examine how much they can detoxify nicotine in HepG2 cells. The bioaccessibility of vit U from SGV and SGK was 82.40% and 68.03%, respectively. The cellular uptake of vit U in SGK by Caco-2 cells was higher than that in SGV. Cotinine content converted from nicotine in HepG2 cells for 120 min was 0.22 and 0.25 μg/mg protein in 50 μg/mL of SGV and SGK, respectively, which were 2.86 and 3.57 times higher than the no-treatment control. SGK treatment of HepG2 cells upregulated CYP2A6 three times as much as did that of SGV. Our results suggest that graviola leaf extract enriched with excipient ingredients such as kale could improve vit U absorption and provide a natural therapy for detoxifying nicotine.

Oxidative Brain Injury Induced by Amiodarone in Rats: Protective Effect of S‐Methyl Methionine Sulfonium Chloride

“…Nevertheless, it is not actually in the vitamin classification, but this substance is called as vitamin due to its vitamin-like effects. 10 It is mainly found in raw cabbage, tomatoes, spinach, and garlic. 11 Their consumption has been growing day by day following knowledge of their protective effects.…”

Oxidative brain and cerebellum injury induced by d‐galactosamine: Protective effect of S‐methyl methionine sulfonium chloride

“…Although it is not actually in the vitamin class, it is called a vitamin because of its vitamin‐like effects. [ 16 ] It has been clinically proven both in vivo and in vitro to have cytoprotective effects against gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., gastritis, peptic ulcer, and ulcerative colitis). [ 17 ] These effects are attributed to its mitigating inflammatory responses by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor‐κB(NF‐κB)‐dependent inflammatory genes.…”

The Protective Effects of S-Methyl Methionine Sulfonium Chloride on Brain Tissue Damage in D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity

“…Given that the brain consumes vast amount of oxygen and is characterized by being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content, its regions (especially the hippocampus, amygdala, and Bayrak et al MMSC Protects GalN-induced Oxidative Brain Injury cerebellar cells) are prone to detrimental effects of oxidative stress and ROS damage as well (5). S-methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC), also known as vitamin U, has a sulfonium group containing derivative of the essential amino acid L-methionine, that the vegetable source is Brassica species such as white cabbage, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, and kale (6). It is also called a vitamin because of its vitamin-like effects.…”

“…It is being studied as a source of anti-peptic ulcer dietary factors. As of its clinical importance, MMSC had several biofunctions such as cytoprotective agents against gastrointestinal disorders (6) and anti-epileptic effects (7). Besides, MMSC plays an important role by acting as a radical scavenger, as well as anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent under oxidative stress conditions (8).…”