Increased Exposure of Tissues to Cortisol in Late Pregnancy

Burke, C. W.; Roulet, Frédéric

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5697.657

Cited by 115 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the case of cortisol, it is about 5-10% (Burke & Roulet, 1970) whereas for T and Ez it is between 1 and 3% Galviio-Teles et al, 1973). T is also bound partly to albumin (Eik-Nes et al, 1954;Schellman et al, 1954) which has a low binding affinity (K, approximately 6 x lo4 M-') but is important because of its very high capacity.…”

Section: Circulation Of Testosterone and Oestradiolmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sex‐hormone‐binding Globulin

Anderson

1974

Clinical Endocrinology

1,096

519

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Section: Circulation Of Testosterone and Oestradiolmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sex‐hormone‐binding Globulin

Anderson

1974

Clinical Endocrinology

1,096

519

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“…The conclusion must be that the aminoaciduria of normal pregnancy is due to a variable partial failure of the normal reabsorptive mechanisms. The change may be due, at least in part, to the high circulating levels of cortisol in pregnancy (Burke & Roulet, 1970), since a similar pattern of change can be induced in men by giving 100 mg cortisol daily (Zinneman, Johnson & Seal, 1963). On the other hand, amino acid excretion increases markedly in early pregnancy before there is any convincing evidence of increased corticosteroid activity.…”

Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Renal Excretion of Nutrients in Pregnancy

Hytten¹

1974

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey

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SummaryA feature of normal pregnancy is a huge increase in the excretion of nutrients in urine. Glycosuria is commonplace, and about half of all healthy pregnant women excrete more than when not pregnant. Amounts in excess of 1 g/24 hr are common, and excretion is characteristically intermittent with little apparent relation to plasma levels. Amino acid excretion is also raised four or five times by late pregnancy, with a characteristic pattern for different amino acids, and folate and other water soluble vitamins are similarly squandered. The mechanisms are not understood.THE retention during evolution of an excretory system based on massive blood filtration required the simultaneous development, at least for land animals, of an extremely efficient system for the recovery of blood constituents which the organism could not afford to discard. In general, the recovery arrangements are highly efficient; for example, something of the order of 150 g of glucose will be filtered through the glomeruli daily by the average person, and yet no more than about 100 mg escapes into the urine, an efficiency of more than 99 9°/.The kidneys are subjected throughout normal pregnancy to a greatly increased plasma flow, more than 700 ml/min compared to a non-pregnant average of less than 500 ml/min, and the glomerular filtration rate rises in parallel, from less than 100 ml/min to about 150 ml/min for the whole of pregnancy. The filtered load of nutrients presented to the tubules in pregnancy, allowing for the fact that the plasma concentration of most nutrients is reduced, is therefore up to 40°/ greater than before pregnancy, but an increase of that size is well within the capacity of the tubules, and it is one of the more bizarre and unexpected features of normal pregnancy that relatively large quantities of filtered nutrients are discarded in the urine. GlucoseThat the pregnant woman commonly excretes detectable glucose in her urine has been recognized for more than a century, and during the 1920s the provocation of glycosuria by an oral sugar load, or even by a small dose of phlorizin, enjoyed a vogue as a pregnancy test. In a recent study of thirty healthy normal pregnant women, Lind & Hytten (1972), measured glucose excretion in 24 hr collections of urine, made at intervals from early pregnancy and again 6 weeks post partum. There were large differences, both between women and often in the same woman from time to time. In the non-pregnant (post partum) state all women remained within the usual non-pregnant limit of about 140 mg in 24 hr and four remained within that limit during their pregnancy; the remainder exceeded normal nonpregnant limits during pregnancy; twelve ranged up to 500 mg, four up to 1000 mg, and the other ten excreted more than 1 g in 24 hr, with one reaching almost 10 g in one 24 hr collection. In general, there was great irregularity from time to time and, although glycosuria tended to be greater in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy, five of the thirty women showed

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“…With that in mind, reproduction is considered a highly costly process, one linked to increased levels of oxidative stress and glucocorticoids during pregnancy [28,29], as well as energy demands during lactation [30,31]. Notably, oxidative stress is itself related to reproductive trade-offs [32,33] and aging [34,35], and is considered a main factor influencing the rate of telomere erosion [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life stress and reproductive cost: A two-hit developmental model of accelerated aging?

Shalev

Belsky

2016

Medical Hypotheses

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a b s t r a c tTwo seemingly independent bodies of research suggest a two-hit model of accelerated aging, one highlighting early-life stress and the other reproduction. The first, informed by developmental models of earlylife stress, highlights reduced longevity effects of early adversity on telomere erosion, whereas the second, informed by evolutionary theories of aging, highlights such effects with regard to reproductive cost (in females). The fact that both early-life adversity and reproductive effort are associated with shorter telomeres and increased oxidative stress raises the prospect, consistent with life-history theory, that these two theoretical frameworks currently informing much research are tapping into the same evolutionarydevelopmental process of increased senescence and reduced longevity. Here we propose a mechanistic view of a two-hit model of accelerated aging in human females through (a) early-life adversity and (b) early reproduction, via a process of telomere erosion, while highlighting mediating biological embedding mechanisms that might link these two developmental aging processes.

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Increased Exposure of Tissues to Cortisol in Late Pregnancy

Cited by 115 publications

References 20 publications

Sex‐hormone‐binding Globulin

Sex‐hormone‐binding Globulin

The Renal Excretion of Nutrients in Pregnancy

Early-life stress and reproductive cost: A two-hit developmental model of accelerated aging?

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