Increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) assessed by skin autofluorescence in schizophrenia

Autofluorescence of Skin Advanced Glycation End Products as a Risk Factor for Open Angle Glaucoma: The ALIENOR Study

“…[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] In diabetic patients, sAF was described as a marker of chronic hyperglycemia for a longer lifetime period than HbA1c and was also independently associated with micro-and macrovascular complications. 27,30,52 In nondiabetic patients, increased sAF was also associated with increased arterial stiffness, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcifications.…”

“…23,25,37 sAF was also associated with brain atrophy using magnetic resonance imaging, impaired cognitive functions, or some neurologic diseases. 26,29,32 Finally and more interestingly, sAF was proposed as a long-term metabolic marker and a predictive factor of diseases or complications. [33][34][35][36][37] Indeed, we showed that sAF levels reflect glycemic and renal status 10 years before, and other prospective studies found that sAF predicts 5-year amputation in patients with peripheral arterial disease and is associated with a higher risk of mortality in patients with Results in bold are statistically significant (P < 0.05).…”

“…73 Our population sample of elderly people has a higher mean age than that observed in other published studies with a cumulative exposure to metabolic activity over a longer period. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]38 Thus, it could have led to a higher accumulation of AGEs in skin collagen and also other fluorophores and chromophores that progressively accumulates with increasing age. Hence, we cannot exclude a higher confounding influence of these non-AGEs components on sAF measurements in our population of elderly people than that observed in younger population sample.…”

“…10,21 Several studies have also demonstrated an association between higher level of sAF and some chronic diseases as diabetes mellitus and associated complications, chronic kidney disease, some cardiovascular diseases, arterial stiffness, and peripheral arterial disease or some neurologic diseases. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Furthermore, as sAF reflects tissue accumulation of AGEs in long-lived proteins, sAF has also been described as a marker of metabolic memory, defined as the cumulative effect of metabolic activity over a long period, and a strong predictive factor of cardiovascular or end-stage renal disease complications. [33][34][35][36][37] Many structures of the eye, including conventional and uveoscleral aqueous outflow pathways or some structures of the optic nerve head, are mainly composed of collagen or other extracellular matrix molecules with a slow turnover time.…”

Glycated Serum Albumin and AGE Receptors

“…For example, the AGE-related fluorescence of skin and the eye lens have been measured [132][133][134][135][136]. Interestingly, AGE-related fluorescence of the human skin has been correlated with vascular complications [137], renal function [132,138,139], diabetes [140], obesity [141], and even mental disorders [142].…”