Increase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from China in 2007–2011

Abstract

A national survey was conducted to determine polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in human milk samples collected from 16 provinces in China to assess current exposure and temporal trends in China. The arithmetic mean concentration of total TEQ (PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs) in 2011 is 6.7pgTEQg lipid with a range of 2.9-15.4pgTEQg lipid in 2011. Levels have been compared to data obtained during a previous national study conducted in 2007. The mean of PCDD/Fs has increased about 32.6% and 99.9% for total TEQ concentration (3.7pgTEQg lipid in 2007 vs 4.9pgTEQg lipid in 2011) and mass concentration (66.7pgg lipid in 2007 vs 133.3pgg lipid in 2011) during the period of 2007-2011, respectively. Continuous surveillance on PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in human milk is critical to evaluate the human health effect and environment impact in China.

The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk

“…Therefore, the best way is to conduct analysis during at least two or three stages of lactation (Uemura et al 2008 ; Wang et al 2008 ). Analysis of environmental pollutions in women’s milk has been conducted by many researchers from the whole world, and in the most cases they focused on specific areas of the following states: Sweden (Lignell et al 2013 ), Spain (Schuhmacher et al 2007 ), the Czech Republic (Bencko et al 2004 ; Černá et al 2010 ), Hungary (Vigh et al 2013 ), Slovakia (Čechová et al 2017 ; Chovancová et al 2011 ), Russia (Mamontova et al 2017 ; Polder et al 2008 ), Ireland (Pratt et al 2012 ), Poland (Szywrińska and Lulek 2007 ; Škrbić et al 2010 ), Greece (Costopoulou et al 2006 ), Tunisia (Hassine et al 2012 ), Canada (Ryan and Rawn 2014 ), and China (Deng et al 2012 ; Zhang et al 2016 ; Zhang et al 2017 ), Ghana (Asamoah et al 2018 ), Netherlands, Norway (Čechová et al 2017 ), The Republic of Moldova (Tirisina et al 2017 ), France, Denmark, Finland (Antignac et al 2016 ), Croatia (Klinčić et al 2016 ). Generally, the number of published papers between 1979 and 2017 (searching in Scopus database; using keywords as “polychlorinated biphenyls,” “breast milk,” “human milk,” and “monitoring”) are 169, which include documents by country USA (38), Japan (20), Germany (19), Sweden (15), and China (13) (top five) (Scopus database, 8.04.2018).…”

“…The dominant method used for detection and identification of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins is gas chromatography with electron capture detector (Hassine et al 2012 ; Polder et al 2008 ; Skrbić et al 2010 ), and mass spectrometry (Bencko et al 2004 ; Černá et al 2010 ; Chovancová et al 2011 ; Deng et al 2012 ; Ryan and Rawn 2014 ; Schuhmacher et al 2007 ; Vigh et al 2013 ; Zhang et al 2016 ). Techniques used for sample preparation include classical liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Bencko et al 2004 ; Černá et al 2010 ; Chovancová et al 2011 ; Hassine et al 2012 ; Ryan and Rawn 2014 ), solid phase extraction (SPE) (Dmitrovic and Chan 2002 ; Lin et al 2016 ), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (Deng et al 2012 ; Vigh et al 2013 ; Zhang et al 2016 ). It is important to improve the sample preparation stage and search for a method which will make it possible to analyze a lot of samples in a short time, with small amounts of solvents.…”

Modeling the Time-Variant Dietary Exposure of PCBs in China over the Period 1930 to 2100

“…In China, two national surveys of POPs in human milk has been carried out in 2007 and 2011. 60,61 A decline for PCB-153 and a increase was observed for dioxin-like PCBs from 2007 to 2011. 60 Also, an increasing trend of dioxin-like PCBs was observed in Shijiazhuang, a northern city of China, from 2002 to 2007.…”

“…60,61 A decline for PCB-153 and a increase was observed for dioxin-like PCBs from 2007 to 2011. 60 Also, an increasing trend of dioxin-like PCBs was observed in Shijiazhuang, a northern city of China, from 2002 to 2007. 62 The human body burden was predicted to decrease from 2010, which is not closely consistent with currently available measurements.…”

The human body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in residents’ human milk from Guangdong Province, China

“…However, in China, the first and 2 nd national survey of POPs in human milk was carried out as a part of the WHO global surveys later in 2007 and 2011, respectively. 7 Due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past thirty years, environmental issues related to dioxins and DL-PCBs are of increasing concern in China, but studies on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk are limited. In the current study, the aim was to determine levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk from Guangdong residents and evaluate the human body burden of dioxin-like compounds of the general population of Guangdong province, a typical region having a developed economy and high level of industrialization in South China.…”