Increase in scrotal temperature in car drivers

Bujan, Louis; Daudin, Myriam; Charlet, Jean-Paul; Thonneau, Patrick; Mieusset, R.

doi:10.1093/humrep/15.6.1355

Cited by 109 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Also the position or activity has its impact on increasing the scrotal temperature, walking is associated with significantly lower scrotal temperature than sitting [39]. Driving for more than two hours continuously is associated with increasing the scrotal temperature [40]. Spermatogenesis, especially differentiation and maturation of spermatocytes and spermatids, is temperature dependent requiring a temperature of at least 1°C to 28°C below core body temperature [41,42].…”

Section: Scrotal Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Mahat¹,

Arora²

2016

Biochem Anal Biochem

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Infertility is defined as inability to achieve conception in a period of one year in a couple, despite regular and adequate unprotected sexual intercourse. A male is said to be infertile if he is unable to impregnate his partner after one year of unprotected intercourse. It is an important medical and social problem in the world as regards 15% of couples are infertile and 40% are infertile because of male factor infertility. This review highlights the risk factors and some causes that are responsible for male infertility. The aim of this review is to generate information which could help in the evaluation of male infertility.

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Section: Scrotal Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Mahat¹,

Arora²

2016

Biochem Anal Biochem

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“…In studies of men in whom scrotal temperature was measured continuously in relation to position and activity, scrotal temperature increased progressively with duration of sedentation, and this was associated with lower sperm counts (Hjollund et al 2000(Hjollund et al , 2002a. Studies in lorry and taxi drivers, who spend a long time seated, have also produced evidence for detrimental effects on semen quality (Figa-Talamanca et al 1996;Bujan et al 2000). However, overall, the relationship between time spent seated and poor semen quality is not suggestive of a major impact on fertility (Hjollund et al 2000(Hjollund et al , 2002bStoy et al 2004).…”

Section: Lifestyle Effects On Spermatogenesis In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis

Sharpe

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

296

198

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The high incidence of low sperm counts in young (European) men and evidence for declining sperm counts in recent decades mean that the environmental/lifestyle impact on spermatogenesis is an important health issue. This review assesses potential causes involving adverse effects on testis development in perinatal life (primarily effects on Sertoli cell number), which are probably irreversible, or effects on the process of spermatogenesis in adulthood, which are probably mainly reversible. Several lifestyle-related (obesity, smoking) and environmental (exposure to traffic exhaust fumes, dioxins, combustion products) factors appear to negatively affect both the perinatal and adult testes, emphasizing the importance of environmental/lifestyle impacts throughout the life course. Apart from this, public concern about adverse effects of environmental chemicals (ECs) (pesticides, food additives, persistent pollutants such as DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls) on spermatogenesis in adult men are, in general, not supported by the available data for humans. Where adverse effects of ECs have been shown, they are usually in an occupational setting rather than applying to the general population. In contrast, a modern Western lifestyle (sedentary work/lifestyle, obesity) is potentially damaging to sperm production. Spermatogenesis in normal men is poorly organized and inefficient so that men are poorly placed to cope with environmental/lifestyle insults.

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“…There is abundant clinical evidence in humans for adverse effects of increased ambient temperature on spermatogenesis (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Varicocele and undescended testis are well-recognised causes of male infertility associated with abnormal spermatogenesis, but lifestyle factors such as the taking of hot baths, sauna use, wearing tight fitting underpants and prolonged sedentary occupations all conspire to raise scrotal skin temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors controlling testis descent

Hughes¹,

Acerini²

2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

139

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Descent of the testis from an intra-abdominal site in foetal life to an extracorporeal location after birth is a mandatory developmental process to ensure that the mature testis promotes normal spermatogenesis. The two phases of transabdominal and inguinoscrotal descent occur approximately during the first and last thirds of gestation respectively. Key anatomical events to release the testis from its urogenital ridge location and to guide the free gonad into the scrotum are the degeneration of the cranio-suspensory ligament and a thickening of the gubernaculum. Androgens play a role in both these processes, particularly with respect to enabling the testis to traverse the inguinal canal in the final phase of descent. Experiments in animals suggest that androgens mediate this effect via the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve, but direct evidence for such a mechanism is lacking in humans. The transabdominal phase of descent is under the control of insulinlike 3 (INSL3), a product of the Leydig cells. Definitive evidence of its role in rodent testis descent is illustrated by the phenotype of bilateral cryptorchidism in Insl3K/K null mice. Circulating levels of INSL3 are higher in boys at puberty, are undetectable in girls and are lower in boys with undescended testes. A minority also have a mutation either in the INSL3 gene or affecting its receptor gene, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (LGRF8). Other factors that may play a role in testis descent include the anti-Mullerian hormone and members of the HOX gene family. Evidence that the prevalence of undescended testis may be increasing provides a phenotypic readout for the effects of postulated chemicals in the environment interfering in some way with the action of factors that control testis descent. Epidemiological studies point to profound geographical variations in prevalence in countries such as Denmark and Finland. Associations have been found with levels of chemicals labelled as endocrine disruptors being higher in breast milk samples from mothers with cryptorchid boys when compared with controls. The adverse effects of these compounds (e.g. bisphenol A) can be replicated in the offspring of dams exposed during pregnancy. A sensitive marker of an anti-androgen effect of a compound is a reduction in the anogenital distance, an anthropometric measurement that is significantly greater in males compared with females. The observation of an association between the anogenital distance in infant boys and the level of pesticides in the urine of their mothers in late gestation indicates that this has the potential to be a useful surrogate marker of the effects of environmental chemicals on testis descent in human population studies. The rightful place for the testis at birth is in the scrotum in order to provide the temperature differential essential for normal spermatogenesis. Appropriate screening programmes and early surgical intervention are the prerequisites to ensure optimal fertility in adulthood and a con...

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Increase in scrotal temperature in car drivers

Cited by 109 publications

References 23 publications

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Environmental/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis

Factors controlling testis descent

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