Incorporation of rare earth elements with transition metal–based materials for electrocatalysis: a review for recent progress

Vanadium doped few-layer ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets on reduced graphene oxide for high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction

“…50,51 A detailed comparative study of some other catalysts for HER has been done in shown in Table S2. † [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]…”

Gadolinium‐Induced Valence Structure Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis

“…Strategies to improve the ORR activity are often optimized by choosing specific support, reducing particle‐size, tuning particle structure, or adding foreign promoters 30–33. In view of the electronic interaction effect, modification of transition metal‐based catalysts with foreign promoters should be a reliable strategy to regulate their electrocatalytic performance 33–37.…”

“…Strategies to improve the ORR activity are often optimized by choosing specific support, reducing particle‐size, tuning particle structure, or adding foreign promoters 30–33. In view of the electronic interaction effect, modification of transition metal‐based catalysts with foreign promoters should be a reliable strategy to regulate their electrocatalytic performance 33–37. Recently, rare earth oxides (REO) have attracted special interest as the foreign promoters to modulate the electrocatalytic properties of various transition metals33,38–42 owing to their unique electronic and chemical properties of 4f subshell electrons 43,44.…”

“…In view of the electronic interaction effect, modification of transition metal‐based catalysts with foreign promoters should be a reliable strategy to regulate their electrocatalytic performance 33–37. Recently, rare earth oxides (REO) have attracted special interest as the foreign promoters to modulate the electrocatalytic properties of various transition metals33,38–42 owing to their unique electronic and chemical properties of 4f subshell electrons 43,44. As demonstrated by Shao and co‐workers,39 the ORR activity of Co 3 O 4 /ketjenblack could be significantly improved by doping with CeO 2 REO.…”

Amorphous Nd-Ni-B/NF Rare Earth Composites: Preparation and HER Electrocatalytic Performance

“…Pt 和 Pt 基材料， 但是其昂贵的价格和稀缺性限制 了大规模应用 [5][6] 。因此，开发一种价格便宜、资 源丰富、催化性能好且稳定性高的非贵金属催化 剂成为了研究热点。目前过渡金属硼族化合物 (TMBs)和过渡金属磷族化合物(TMPs)等非贵金 属催化剂发展迅速，有望替代 Pt 基材料 [7][8][9] 。其 中 TMBs，如 Ni-B [10] 、Ni-Co-B [11] 和 Co-W-B [12] 等两元或多元合金，具有良好的导电性、化学稳 定性和类 Pt 性质，是一类有吸引力的催化剂。 稀土元素具有特殊电子结构和化学性质，作 为催化剂材料极有潜力 [13][14] 。根据 Brewer-Engel 状态理论, 当电极上有成对的 d 电子以及空或半 充满的 d 轨道的金属时，可以产生协同效应，有 利于电子转移，促进氢原子的吸附和解吸，从而 极大提高电极的电催化活性 [15][16] 。根据 HER 协 同理论，稀土元素有许多空或半满的 d 轨道和 f 轨道，与存在配对 d 电子的金属元素(如 Ni、Co、 Fe 等)之间存在协同作用，易于形成吸附和解吸 Hads 的 空间结构。 Rosalbino 等 [17] 研究了三元 Co-Ni-R (R=Y, Ce, Pr 和 Er) 合金的析氢性能，结 果表明，加入稀土金属使 Co-Ni 合金的析氢电催 化活性提高，同时增强电极在碱性环境中的耐腐 蚀性，提高电极的稳定性和耐用性 [18][19] 。同时硼 元素也会改变催化材料对氢原子的吸脱附 [20][21] 。 除了成分上的改变外，通过扩大催化剂的比表面 积 也可以提高催化剂的催化活性和 本征活性 [22][23][24] 。泡沫镍(NF)具有优良的导电性、较大的比 表面积和良好的柔韧性等优点，以 NF 为基体可 以增加电解液与电极材料的接触面积，从而暴露 出更多的析氢活性位点 [25] 。同时，NF 的多孔结 构提供了大量的电子传递途径，可以加快析氢速 率 [26] 。然而，Nd-Ni-B/NF 电极的制备方法往往涉 及到操作复杂、设备特殊和制备时间长等缺点。 常见制备催化材料的方法，包括水热法、溶剂热 合成法和化学气相沉积等。其中水热和溶剂热合 成法需要特定的高温高压设备。化学气相沉积法 不但成本较高、工艺复杂、反应气氛多数为易燃 易爆或有毒气体，而且制备过程经常会产生挥发 性副产品，对环境有一定影响 [27] 。所制备的催化 材料常呈粉末状，制备析氢电极时使用的粘结剂 会增加电极内阻、掩蔽催化活性位点，影响器件 的析氢性能 [28] 。因此，亟需寻找一种简单的电极 制备方法。 本 研究利用简 单 的 一 步 化 学 沉 积 法 ， 将 [29][30]…”