Incorporation of plant materials in the control of root pathogens in muskmelon.

Abstract

-The effect of plant materials [Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea), Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.), Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Neem (Azadirachta indica)] and the times of incorporation of these materials in regards to the incidence of root rot in melon was evaluated in Ceará state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a commercial area with a history of root pathogens in cucurbitaceae. The randomized block design was used, in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of a combination of four plant materials (sunn hemp, castor beans, cassava and neem) and a control with no soil incorporation of plant material and three times of incorporation (28, 21, and 14 days before the transplanting of the seedlings). Lower incidence of root rot was observed in practically all of the treatments where materials were incorporated at different times, with variation between the materials, corresponding with the time of incorporation, in relation to the soil without plant material. The pathogens isolated from the symptomatic muskmelon plants were Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Monosporascus cannonballus and Rhizoctonia solani, F. solani being encountered most frequently. Resumo -Avaliou-se o efeito de materiais vegetais [Crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), Mamona (Ricinus communis L.), Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) e Nim (Azadirachta indica)] e do tempo de incorporação destes sobre a incidência de podridões radiculares no meloeiro, no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em área comercial com histórico de patógenos radiculares em cucurbitáceas. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro materiais vegetais (crotalária, mamona, mandioca brava e nim) mais uma testemunha com solo sem incorporação de material vegetal e três tempos de incorporação (28, 21, e 14 dias antes do transplantio das mudas). Menor incidência de plantas com podridão radicular foi observada em praticamente todos os tratamentos onde se incorporou materiais nos diferentes tempos, com variação entre os materiais, conforme o tempo de incorporação, em relação ao solo sem material vegetal. A crotalária proporcionou menor incidência quando a incorporação foi de 14 dias e à medida que aumentou o tempo, houve acréscimo na porcentagem de plantas com podridão. Quando se utilizou a mandioca, houve redução da podridão, proporcionalmente ao tempo de incorporação.

Screening a variable germplasm collection of Cucumis melo L. for seedling resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina

“…The fungus has been reported worldwide, but it is economically more important in subtropical and tropical countries with a semi-arid climate (Wrather et al 2001;Purkayastha et al 2006).This pathogen has often been detected causing outbreaks in warm and hot areas under dry weather conditions. In Brazil, this pathogen is consistently isolated from roots and stems of melons (Andrade et al 2005;Dantas et al 2013) and associated weeds (Sales Jr et al 2012). In the last few years M. phaseolina has been also one of the main fungus isolated from roots of collapsed watermelon and melon plants in several regions of America, Europe and Asia, such as Texas and California (Bruton et al 1987;Aegerter et al 2000), Honduras and Chile (Bruton and Miller 1997;Jacob et al 2013), Spain (García-Jiménez et al 1993), Israel (Cohen et al 2012) and Iran (Salari et al 2012), being the leading cause of the drastic reduction in cucurbits cultivation in some of these countries (Krikun et al 1982).…”

“…The restriction on the use of this fumigant increased the risks for soilborne pathogen outbreaks and has resulted in efforts to develop chemical and non-chemical environmentally user-friendly alternative control methods (Stapleton 2000;Ambrósio et al 2009;Cohen et al 2012;Dantas et al 2013;Chamorro et al 2015). One of the most feasible measures of control is the use of resistant varieties, which has the advantage of being safe for the environment, easy to adopt when resistance is available, and that can be used complementarily to other methods of control.…”

Efeito de adubos verdes sobre a podridão radicular de Fusarium em meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.)

“…Para Dias & Rezende (2010) o coquetel vegetal (mistura de diferentes espécies, normalmente leguminosas e gramíneas), tem grande importância por aumentar a diversidade de espécies na área, reduzindo as pressões dos patógenos que se encontram no local. Dantas et al (2013) verificaram que o efeito de matérias vegetais ao solo proporcionou menor incidência de plantas com podridão radicular.…”

“…As leguminosas e as gramíneas são as plantas mais utilizadas na adubação verde para o controle de patógenos, tais como Fusarium solani e Rhizotonia spp. em diversas culturas (Dantas et al, 2013;Oliveira, 2008;Toledo-Souza, 2008).…”

Biological Control Using Streptomyces sp. Kp109810 and Different Genotypes of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on Root Rot Diseases

“…Efforts focused on further improvement of the production and productivity along with desirable traits of pepper through genetic manipulation which is important in different potential areas. The using of chemical compounds have led to side effects that may cause damage and pollution of environment, but restriction on the use of this fumigant has increased the risks for soil-borne pathogen outbreaks and has resulted in bigger efforts to develop chemical and nonchemical environmentally user-friendly alternative control methods like using beneficial microorganisms in the form of bio fertilizers to reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers which can provide more environmentally sound and economically feasible alternatives (Ahmad et al, 2008;Egamberdieva, 2009;Dantas et al, 2013;Ros et al, 2014;Law et al, 2017).…”