“…Climate-related runoff benefits of distributed SCMs, such as GSI, include reduction of local flooding risks 25 – 27 , recharging groundwater 28 , 29 , and modulation of flashy runoff responses 30 , 31 . In addition, GSI can provide habitat protection, air quality improvements, urban cooling, carbon dioxide uptake, and improve the social well-being of communities 32 , 33 . State regulatory authorities typically set design standards for GSI and other SCMs with the identification of a target design storm 34 , either via precipitation event recurrence (return interval) or by an annual probability of occurrence based on historical precipitation records 35 , such as retaining the stormwater volume produced from an 85th percentile, 24-h storm event 34 .…”