Inclinometer and Improved SBAS Methods with a Random Forest for Monitoring Landslides and Anchor Degradation in Otoyo Town, Japan

Abstract

Kochi Prefecture is located in an active zone of Japan that is frequently subjected to landslides due to heavy precipitation in typhoon seasons. Slow-moving landslides have been reported by both the local prefectural authorities and the National Government of Japan. We observed landslide movements in Otoyo Town by using ground- and satellite-based tools. Despite the high cost of establishing a borehole inclinometer survey to obtain accurate ground-based measurements, no previous InSAR study has been conducted in Otoyo Town, and the capacity for regional discrimination between active and inactive slow-moving landslides when using these tools remains unclear. We found that the horizontal velocity component was dominant at a rate of 21.4 mm/year across the whole of Otoyo Town. Satellite-based monitoring of ground-anchor efficiency may be possible in combination with ground-based inclinometer surveys. Three types of land cover are present in the study area—urban, field, and forests—and we selected a random forest (RF) model to extract low-coherence pixels by using optical and radar satellite sensors to identify important features and precisely remove pixels causing decorrelation. Long-term monitoring results from ground-based surveys, including inclinometer (boreholes) and anchor tension distribution data, were compared with the results of synthetic radar by using coherence-based small baseline subset (CB-SBAS) measurements. Generally, landslide occurrence was investigated across the whole of Otoyo Town, and we specifically evaluated the reliability of InSAR measurements in the Kawai landslide as a study site scale. The activity of the Kawai landslide channel was evaluated with borehole inclinometer displacement measurements (15.46 mm) and an anchor pressure survey (736 kN) from 2016 to 2019, as well as the steady state of the area (1.7 mm for the borehole inclinometer and 175 kN for the anchor pressure measurements), although a high cumulative precipitation of 3520 mm was reached during 2020 due to the ground anchor efficiency, which showed a consistent tendency with respect to the InSAR displacement measurements (14 mm during 2018 and 2019 and 0.7 mm during 2020). This comparison showed a consistent time-series displacement correlation, which was strengthened after introducing the RF mask into the analysis procedure, as the RF model correction reduced the standard deviation from the line-of-sight (LoS) average velocity estimation by 1.9 mm/year. Our research will help mitigate landslide impacts in Otoyo Town and its surroundings.

Emprego da Técnica PSInSAR como Ferramenta Complementar em Análise de Subsidências. Caso de Estudo: Bairro Guabirotuba – Curitiba – PR

“…Há vários métodos que permitem detectar e monitorar subsidências em uma determinada localidade, como, por exemplo, o uso de inclinômetros (MEDHAT; YAMAMOTO;ICHIHASHI, 2023;LI et al, 2014), monitoramento geofísico (ZHOU et al, 2022;GUO et al, 2020) e monitoramento com observações da constelação do Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Este último, contudo, é amplamente utilizado para monitorar pequenas variações no nível do solo, pois pode ser realizado periodicamente, conforme indicado nos estudos de Amagua et al (2022), Vazquez-Ontiveros et al (2022), Mantovani et al (2022), Zhao et al (2020), Wang et al (2020), Andreas et al (2019) e Choudhury et al (2018).…”

Methodology and Results of Staged UAS Photogrammetric Rockslide Monitoring in the Alpine Terrain in High Tatras, Slovakia, after the Hydrological Event in 2022

“…As some studies have shown, combining different methods for complex landslide monitoring is advantageous. In [11], a combination of multitemporal InSAR and inclinometric boreholes, and in [3], a combination of inclinometers, GNSS receivers, multitemporal InSAR, and UAV photogrammetry were used. The determination of spatial changes in landslide areas using classical geodetic or remote sensing methods was addressed in [12].…”