Incidence Trends of Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix in 13 European Countries

Bray, Freddie; Carstensen, Bendix; Møller, Henrik; Zappa, Marco; Žakelj, Maja Primic; Lawrence, Gill; Hakama, Matti; Weiderpass, Elisabete

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0231

Cited by 339 publications

(248 citation statements)

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“…We used the same database but extended the analysis to an additional 5 years, making short-term fluctuations in AC incidence less important. This unchanged AC incidence contrasts with the incidence rates reported from other countries where it is rising (Zheng et al, 1996;Vizcaino et al, 1998;Bergstrom et al, 1999;Plaxe and Saltzstein, 1999;Smith et al, 2000;Liu et al, 2001;Sasieni and Adams, 2001;Visioli et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2004;Bray et al, 2005). However, a stable pattern has been reported more often (Vizcaino et al, 1998;Chan et al, 2003;Bulk et al, 2005), although a decreasing incidence has also been recorded (Vizcaino et al, 1998;Bray et al, 2005;Howlett et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The incidences of both have increased during the last three decades, especially in women under the age of 40 years (Zheng et al, 1996;Vizcaino et al, 1998;Bergstrom et al, 1999;Plaxe and Saltzstein, 1999;Smith et al, 2000;Liu et al, 2001;Sasieni and Adams, 2001;Visioli et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2004;Bray et al, 2005). This contrasts with the decrease in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) since the introduction of screening programmes (Bergstrom et al, 1999;Ronco et al, 2005;Kyndi et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Significant decrease of adenocarcinoma in situ not reflected in cervical adenocarcinoma incidence in the Netherlands 1989–2003

et al. 2008

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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confidence: 99%

Significant decrease of adenocarcinoma in situ not reflected in cervical adenocarcinoma incidence in the Netherlands 1989–2003

et al. 2008

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“…1,2 Hence, in well-screened populations, although the incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing over the last three decades, the ratio of adeno/adenosquamous (ADC) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been rising. 1,3 Screening using high-risk (HR) HPV rather than cytology can improve prevention of ADC. 4 Human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 is more frequently detected in ADC than in SCC and this tendency may also apply to other types (e.g., HPV45) that belong to the same alpha-7 species as HPV18.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human papillomavirus types in glandular lesions of the cervix: A meta‐analysis of published studies

Guan

Clifford

Franceschi

2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Dear Editor, Glandular preinvasive lesions of the cervix (i.e., atypical glandular cells, AGC and adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS) are more likely to be missed in cytological cervical screening than their squamous-cell equivalents, owing to their location in the endocervical canal and difficulties in their cytological and colposcopical assessment. 1,2 Hence, in well-screened populations, although the incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing over the last three decades, the ratio of adeno/adenosquamous (ADC) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been rising. 1,3 Screening using high-risk (HR) HPV rather than cytology can improve prevention of ADC. 4 Human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 is more frequently detected in ADC than in SCC and this tendency may also apply to other types (e.g., HPV45) that belong to the same alpha-7 species as HPV18. 5 However, in contrast to the extensive information about HPV types across the complete spectrum of squamous cervical lesions, 6 little is known about the pattern of HPV types in glandular preinvasive lesions, and how it compares to that in ADC.With the aim to improve our understanding of the carcinogenic process for individual HR types from infection of glandular tissue to adenocarcinoma, we performed a systematic literature review of HPV type-specific prevalence data in preinvasive glandular neoplastic lesions, and compared to similar data on women with normal cytology and ADC reported in a recently published meta-analysis. 6 Methods have been reported previously. 6 In brief, Medline was used to search for publications from January 1990 to November 2011 using combinations of the MeSH terms: ''cervical cancer,'' ''cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,'' ''HPV,'' ''human,'' ''female'' and ''polymerase chain reaction.'' Eligible studies met the following criteria: (i) use of broad-spectrum consensus PCR-assays based on the primers MY09/11, PGMY09/11, GP5þ/6þ, SPF10, SPF1/GP6 or L1C1/L1C2, and (ii) reporting of overall and type-specific HPV prevalence, by strata of cyto-and/or histo-pathological cervical diagnoses.Overall HPV prevalence is reported as a percentage of all women tested by consensus PCR. Type-specific HPV positivity is presented among HPV-positive women only, for each of the 13 HR HPV types judged to be carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic (i.e., HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68), 1 in the order of their frequency of detection in ADC. 7 Type-specific positivity includes that contributed by single and multiple HPV infections. Standard errors of type-specific positivity estimates were computed assuming the nonindependence of cases within the same study using cluster-correlated robust variance estimates. 8 We identified 12 studies reporting relevant data on AGC and/or AIS from Europe (n ¼ 4, Belgium, Italy and two studies from The Netherlands), North America (n ¼ 5, all from the United States), Eastern Asia (n ¼ 1, Thailand), Western Asia (n ¼ 1, Kuwait) and South/Central America (n ¼ 1, Brazil). As data on both AGC and AIS were available only for...

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“…1,2 The reasons for this increase are not completely clear although it is accepted that cervical screening is less effective at detecting adenocarcinoma and its precursor adenocarcinoma in situ, also termed cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia. 3 The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ in cytological or punch biopsy specimens has important clinical implications as these lesions are usually treated by cone biopsy of the cervix, a relatively aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that may have fertility implications in younger patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in normal endocervix and diagnostic value in reactive and neoplastic endocervical lesions

Little

Stewart

2010

Modern Pathology

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It may be difficult to distinguish reactive glandular lesions from adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix, and although several immunohistochemical markers have established value in this diagnostic setting, none is completely reliable. We have noted that neoplastic endocervical lesions often show loss of nuclear cyclin D1 expression in contrast to benign glandular cells. Therefore, we investigated cyclin D1 staining in a series of 64 cervical biopsy specimens including examples of normal and reactive endocervical epithelium, adenocarcinoma in situ, stratified mucin-producing intraepithelial lesions, and invasive adenocarcinoma. Thirteen specimens also included a component of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Normal endocervical epithelium usually expressed cyclin D1, although staining was typically focal, and there was increased immunoreactivity in reactive and metaplastic glandular cells including tubo-endometrioid metaplasia. In contrast, most cases of adenocarcinoma in situ were completely negative and, therefore, cyclin D1 staining distinguished benign from neoplastic epithelial cells. Although focal cyclin D1 expression was observed in 5/19 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ, the staining was associated with more marked cytological atypia precluding confusion with a reactive process. The invasive adenocarcinomas were mainly negative for cyclin D1. However, focal staining was observed in 10/19 cases and was mainly restricted to cells at the deep tumor margin, or to small infiltrative glands and detached cell clusters within the stroma. In conclusion, cyclin D1 can be included within an immunohistochemical panel to aid in the distinction between reactive cervical glandular lesions and adenocarcinoma in situ. The localized distribution of staining within invasive lesions suggests that cyclin D1 up-regulation has a specific role during the progression of some endocervical adenocarcinomas.

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Incidence Trends of Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix in 13 European Countries

Cited by 339 publications

References 56 publications

Significant decrease of adenocarcinoma in situ not reflected in cervical adenocarcinoma incidence in the Netherlands 1989–2003

Significant decrease of adenocarcinoma in situ not reflected in cervical adenocarcinoma incidence in the Netherlands 1989–2003

Human papillomavirus types in glandular lesions of the cervix: A meta‐analysis of published studies

Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in normal endocervix and diagnostic value in reactive and neoplastic endocervical lesions

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