Incidence of Uncomplicated Genital Infections in Women Using Oral Contraception or an Intrauterine Device

Avonts, Dirk; Sercu, Marij; Heyerick, P; Vandermeeren, I; Meheus, A; Piot, Peter

doi:10.1097/00007435-199001000-00006

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…All these factors may contribute to the recurrence of BV as there is evidence that incidence of BV is increased among women who, use an intrauterine device for contraception, douche routinely for hygiene, have multiple sex partners. 3,4,16 According to CDC guidelines, metronidazole is the drug of choice for bacterial vaginosis. However, adverse effects due to metronidazole are frequent and this may lead to problems with adherence to a 7-day course of treatment and subsequently result in treatment failure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 The incidence is increased among women who have multiple sex partners, use an intrauterine device for contraception and douche routinely for hygiene. 3,4 Thus treatment has been based on empiricism generally with metronidazole or clindamycin which were chosen for their activity against many anaerobic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and asymptomatic women are less likely to seek treatment for the same and thus are more prone to acquire other sexually transmitted infections. 4 The qualities of tinidazole and ornidazole with respect to their longer half-lives and their side effect profile as compared to oral metronidazole may result in being more efficacious for the treatment of BV. There are limited numbers of studies comparing drugs in this condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Single dose metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis - a comparative study

Ambika

Mamatha

Shivamurthy

2016

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Single dose metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis - a comparative study

Ambika

Mamatha

Shivamurthy

2016

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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“…6,7,8,[14][15][16] Some authors have suggested that the tail of the IUD when present in the endocervix or in the vagina may support the growth of anaerobic bacteria and G. vaginalis. 4,7 Our finding of an association, on the other hand, should be interpreted cautiously: several factors not included in the study might confound the association between IUD usage and BV Population-based studies in larger groups, including women who do not attend a gynecology clinic and/or do not have any symptoms, will further illuminate the risk of BV in asymptomatic women. Incorporation of data such as socio-demographic characteristics, gynecologic history, life habits, and chronic diseases, in analyses will certainly increase the validity of effect estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 The relationship between contraceptive use and BV has been investigated in several different studies, which have identified IUD usage as a significant risk factor for BV. [5][6][7][8] In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the frequency of BV among patients attending a gynecology outpatient clinic for pelvic examination and investigated the association between current IUD usage and BV. …”

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confidence: 99%

The Association of Intrauterine Device Usage with Bacterial Vaginosis in a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic in Ankara, Turkey

et al. 2003

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial infection caused by bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus species and anaerobic bacteria in the vaginal flora, instead of the dominant normal flora, mainly lactobacillus. Diagnosis has depended on the classical clinical presentation, which includes a homogenous vaginal discharge with a characteristic fishy odor, elevation of the vaginal pH and microscopic examination of clue cells, desquamated cells covered by the abnormal bacterial flora.1 Recently, Nugent et al's scoring system, which is based on an evaluation of the number of the bacteria with a certain morphology in the vaginal flora, was introduced for laboratory diagnosis. 2,3Risk factors for BV are still controversial. BV is considered a "sexually-associated" rather than "sexuallytransmitted" disease. In different studies, risk factors such as pregnancy, douching, intrauterine device usage (IUD) have been associated with BV.2,4 Although previously regarded as a harmless condition, recent studies have linked BV to several obstetrical and gynecological complications. 4,5 The relationship between contraceptive use and BV has been investigated in several different studies, which have identified IUD usage as a significant risk factor for BV. [5][6][7][8] In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the frequency of BV among patients attending a gynecology outpatient clinic for pelvic examination and investigated the association between current IUD usage and BV. Materials and MethodsWe collected data from the medical charts and laboratory records for a convenience sample of non-pregnant women aged 15 to 45 years old that consecutively attended a gynecology outpatient clinic between January 1999 and December 2001. Women were included in the study regardless of whether they visited the clinic for routine gynecologic exam or were symptomatic (n=302). Only women who had menses at the time of pelvic examination were excluded from the study (n=21). Since 1995, this gynecology outpatient clinic has been collecting standard information about the genitourinary symptoms and current use of contraception methods of attending women using face-to-face medical interviews conducted prior to pelvic examination. Also, a physician blinded to the interview findings obtains vaginal specimens from the posterior vaginal fornix. Vaginal specimens were evaluated for BV using Nugent et al's scoring system on gram-stained smears. A 10-point scoring system was used in which a predominantly Lactobacillus flora (score 0-3) was called "normal', a mixed flora (score 4-6) was called "intermediate," and a score of 7-10 was considered BV 4,9,10 Data were analyzed using EpiInfo 5.0 statistical software and included frequency distributions, percentages, calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for odd ratios. ResultsOf the 281 patients, only 15 (5.3%) were asymptomatic and the rest reported at least one symptom (i.e., discharge, back pain, itching or burning) at the time of pelvic exam. Eighty-three women (29.5%) we...

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Molecular methodology in determining vaginal flora in health and disease: Its time has come

Fredricks

Marrazzo²

2005

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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The microbial flora of the human vagina can affect the health of women, their fetuses, and newborns. Conventional cultivation methods fail to detect some fastidious vaginal bacteria, leading to an incomplete census. Recent advances in molecular biology have facilitated the detection and identification of bacteria without cultivation, and the advantages and limitations of this approach are described. Molecular studies of the vaginal flora have discovered many uncultivated bacterial species. For instance, several novel bacteria in the Clostridiales order are highly specific indicators of bacterial vaginosis, and bacteria related to Megasphaera, Leptotrichia, Atopobium, and Dialister species are commonly found in subjects with bacterial vaginosis. A more complete understanding of vaginal microbial populations resulting from the adoption of molecular tools may lead to better strategies to maintain healthy vaginal floras and will create opportunities to explore the role of novel bacteria in reproductive tract diseases.

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Incidence of Uncomplicated Genital Infections in Women Using Oral Contraception or an Intrauterine Device

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Single dose metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis - a comparative study

Single dose metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis - a comparative study

The Association of Intrauterine Device Usage with Bacterial Vaginosis in a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic in Ankara, Turkey

Molecular methodology in determining vaginal flora in health and disease: Its time has come

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