Incidence of tuberculosis and survival after its diagnosis in patients infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2

Sande, Marianne A. B. van der; Loeff, Maarten F. Schim van der; Bennett, Rachel C.; Dowling, Mary; Aveika, Akum; Togun, Toyin; Sabally, S; Jeffries, David; Adegbola, Richard A.; Sarge-Njie, Ramu; Jaye, Assan; Corrah, Tumani; McConkey, Samuel; Whittle, Hilton

doi:10.1097/00002030-200409240-00009

Cited by 45 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Individuals with slowly progressing latent infections may transition to the fast latent compartment after reinfection or through natural progression of their initial infection. Individuals in any state may be coinfected by HIV; coinfection alters the natural history of TB in several ways: a higher probability of rapidly progressive TB after initial infection (23,24), a higher probability of progression from latency to active TB (25), a lower probability of sputum smear-positive disease among infectious individuals (26)(27)(28), and higher mortality rates (26,29,30). To capture the impact of HIV infection, each compartment in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying dynamic tuberculosis case-finding policies for HIV/TB coepidemics

Yaesoubi

Cohen

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The global tuberculosis (TB) control plan has historically emphasized passive case finding (PCF) as the most practical approach for identifying TB suspects in high burden settings. The success of this approach in controlling TB depends on infectious individuals recognizing their symptoms and voluntarily seeking diagnosis rapidly enough to reduce onward transmission. It now appears, at least in some settings, that more intensified case-finding (ICF) approaches may be needed to control TB transmission; these more aggressive approaches for detecting as-yet undiagnosed cases obviously require additional resources to implement. Given that TB control programs are resource constrained and that the incremental yield of ICF is expected to wane over time as the pool of undiagnosed cases is depleted, a tool that can help policymakers to identify when to implement or suspend an ICF intervention would be valuable. In this article, we propose dynamic case-finding policies that allow policymakers to use existing observations about the epidemic and resource availability to determine when to switch between PCF and ICF to efficiently use resources to optimize population health. Using mathematical models of TB/HIV coepidemics, we show that dynamic policies strictly dominate static policies that prespecify a frequency and duration of rounds of ICF. We also find that the use of a diagnostic tool with better sensitivity for detecting smear-negative cases (e.g., Xpert MTB/RIF) further improves the incremental benefit of these dynamic case-finding policies. (1), emphasizes passive case finding (PCF) as a central tactic for identifying infectious cases requiring treatment. PCF approaches depend on individuals with symptomatic TB to seek out treatment on their own, a practice that is supported by studies indicating that the most infectious patients are aware of their symptoms and seek care (2, 3). Adoption of PCF strategies has been motivated by practical considerations as well. In most high TB incidence settings, resources are limited and PCF allows diagnostic efforts to be focused within existing health facilities and concentrated among suspects at highest risk of TB.The DOTS strategy has significantly improved treatment success rates for individual patients (4) and, where studies have been attempted, has been associated with reduced TB-related mortality in populations (5, 6). Despite clear successes of DOTS programs, there are inherent shortcomings of PCF since this approach may result in either delayed or missed opportunities for diagnosis. These limitations may be especially important in settings where HIV has emerged and triggered large and rapid increases in TB incidence (7).There are many different types of interventions that could be used to increase the vigorousness of TB case detection efforts beyond PCF; in this article, we broadly refer to these alternative approaches as intensified case finding (ICF). ICF approaches are often subclassified as either "enhanced" or "active" case finding and are differentiated by whether emph...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying dynamic tuberculosis case-finding policies for HIV/TB coepidemics

Yaesoubi

Cohen

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In a similar trend, a higher prevalence of pulmonary TB was reported among HIV-positive patients in Cambodia [24]. Part of these differences in the two reports was mainly due to differences in inclusion and exclusion criteria, where in this case all patients who were already diagnosed with TB and started anti-TB treatments were excluded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Active Tuberculosis Case Finding and Detection of Drug Resistance Among HIV-Infected Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in a TB Endemic Area, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Menberu

Tarekegn

Waktola

et al. 2015

Chest

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“…Although the risk of TB disease increases as CD4 1 T-cell counts decline (18), TB still occurs at a higher rate in HIVinfected persons with preserved CD4 1 T-cell counts. A longitudinal study of South African gold miners who received regular HIV and TB testing showed that within 1 year of HIV seroconversion and in the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or TB preventive therapy, the incidence of TB doubled compared with HIV-negative peers (19).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Hiv-tb Coinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Developments in the Epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection

Anandaiah¹,

Dheda²,

Keane³

et al. 2011

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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Tuberculosis (TB) disease remains one of the highest causes of mortality in HIV-infected individuals, and HIV-TB coinfection continues to grow at alarming rates, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Surprisingly, a number of important areas regarding coinfection remain unclear. For example, increased risk of TB disease begins early in the course of HIV infection; however, the mechanism by which HIV increases this risk is not well understood. In addition, there is lack of consensus on the optimal way to diagnose latent TB infection and to manage active disease in those who are HIV infected. Furthermore, effective point-of-care testing for TB disease remains elusive. This review discusses key areas in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of active and latent TB in those infected with HIV, focusing attention on issues related to high-and low-burden areas. Particular emphasis is placed on controversial areas where there are gaps in knowledge and on future directions of study.

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Incidence of tuberculosis and survival after its diagnosis in patients infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2

Abstract: Adjusted for CD4 cell count, incidence of TB was similar among HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected patients. Mortality rates after TB diagnosis were similar in both groups and high compared with those without TB.

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Identifying dynamic tuberculosis case-finding policies for HIV/TB coepidemics

Identifying dynamic tuberculosis case-finding policies for HIV/TB coepidemics

Active Tuberculosis Case Finding and Detection of Drug Resistance Among HIV-Infected Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in a TB Endemic Area, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Novel Developments in the Epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection

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