Incidence of Retromolar Foramen in Human Mandibles: Ethnic and Clinical Aspects

Rossi, Ana Cláudia; Freire, Alexandre Rodrigues; Prado, Guilherme Bevilacqua; Prado, Felippe Bevilacqua; Botacin, Paulo Roberto; Cária, Paulo Henrique Ferreira

doi:10.4067/s0717-95022012000300051

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Notwithstanding that, other studies have demonstrated RMCs more frequently on the left side than on the right side 5,25 . In the present study, the presence of RMC occurred more frequently in females, though the literature have not identified and gender predilection 21,22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The presence of RMC has been reported by some authors in different populations, showing its increasing incidence [2][3][4][5] . There have only been a few published studies on this subject and there is no current systematic review on the prevalence of RMC and its clinical implications, namely risk of inferior alveolar nerve block failures, accidents and surgical complications such as paresthesia and hemorrhage 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this area, a RMC may be present and emerge through the retromolar foramen 4,5 . The RMC presents morphological and morphometric variability 6 , including a posterior concavity 7 as well as straight RMC 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Freitas

Silva

Júnior

2017

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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ResumoIntrodução: O conhecimento da morfologia normal da mandíbula humana e suas possíveis variações anatômicas, que ocorrem, são de fundamental importância na prática odontológica, especialmente nas áreas da cirurgia e implantodontia. A região retromolar é delimitada pela margem anterior do ramo da mandibular, crista temporal e face distal do último molar inferior. Nessa área pode ser observado o canal retromolar que pode emergir pelo forame retromolar. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a ocorrência de canais retromolares em exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico e relaciona-la com suas possíveis repercussões clínicas. Material e método: Foram selecionadas 300 imagens de TCFC provenientes do Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic. O presente estudo foi do tipo observacional descritivo e todas as imagens foram processadas e trabalhadas no software XoranCat  do próprio equipamento. Resultado: Dos 300 exames de TCFC analisados, os canais mandibulares eram únicos em 210 (70,0%). Nos demais 90 casos constatou-se a presença alterações anatômicas no canal mandibular, indicando que a taxa de prevalência dessa condição na amostra foi de 30,0%. A ocorrência dos canais retromolares foi observada em 15 pacientes da amostra total (5,0%), sendo 06 pacientes do gênero masculino e 09 pacientes do gênero feminino. Conclusão: Ratifica-se a importância de um minucioso conhecimento da região retromolar devido a grande prevalência de cirurgias realizadas na região posterior da mandíbula, a fim de ter previsibilidade nos planejamentos e consequentemente otimizar os procedimentos anestésicos e cirúrgicos realizados, minimizando as falhas anestésicas e os acidentes cirúrgicos.Descritores: Cirurgia; anatomia; mandíbula. AbstractIntroduction: Knowledge on the normal morphology of the human mandible and its possible anatomical variations are of fundamental importance in dental practice, especially in the areas of surgery and implantodontics. The retromolar region is delimited by the anterior margin of the ramus of the mandible, the temporal crest and the distal surface of the last lower molar. In this area, a retromolar canal may be observed emerging through the retromolar foramen. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of retromolar canals in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to correlate it with their possible clinical repercussions. Material and method: 300 CBCT images were selected from the Department of Radiology of the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School. This was an observational descriptive study and all the images were processed and analyzed on XoranCat  . Result: Of the 300 CFCT scans analyzed, a single mandibular canal was observed in 210 (70.0%). In the remaining 90 cases, anatomical changes were observed relating to this canal, indicating that the prevalence of this condition in this sample was 30%. The prevalence of retromolar canals was observed in 15 patients (5.0%), of which 06 were in males and 09 in females. Conclusion: The importance of a full ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Freitas

Silva

Júnior

2017

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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“…24 In addition, the presence of the dental canal has clinical implications for extraction and endodontic treatment because of the potential for lateral canals in the root canal. 3,39 Anaesthesia failure in the inferior alveolar nerve may be associated with the presence of BMCs, especially when there are two mandibular foramens. Particularly, the suspicion of an anatomic variation should be taken into account when anaesthesia appears to have reached the ipsilateral lip and chin but not the teeth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CTvspanoramic radiography

Muinelo-Lorenzo

Suárez‐Quintanilla²,

Fernández-Alonso³

et al. 2014

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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Objectives: To examine the presence and morphologic characteristics of bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) and retromolar foramens (RFs) using cone beam CT (CBCT) and to determine their visualization on panoramic radiographs (PANs). Methods: A sample of 225 CBCT examinations was analysed for the presence of BMCs, as well as length, height, diameter and angle. The diameter of the RF was also determined. Subsequently, corresponding PANs were analysed to determine whether the BMCs and RFs were visible or not. Results: The BMCs were observed on CBCT in 83 out of the 225 patients (36.8%). With respect to gender, statistically significant differences were found in the number of BMCs. There were also significant differences in anatomical characteristics of the types of BMCs. Only 37.8% of the BMCs and 32.5% of the RFs identified on CBCT were also visible on PANs. The diameter had a significant effect on the capability of PANs to visualize BMCs and RFs (B 5 0.791, p 5 0.035; B 5 1.900, p 5 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: PANs are unable to sufficiently identify BMCs and RFs. The diameter of these anatomical landmarks represents a relevant factor for visualization on PANs. Pre-operative images using only PANs may lead to underestimation of the presence of BMCs and to surgical complications and anaesthetic failures, which could have been avoided. For true determination of BMCs, a CBCT device should be considered better than a PAN.

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“…Foramina occur in 10% of retromolar fossa and infiltration in this region can abolish sensation which occasionally remains after an inferior alveolar nerve block. 3 Ossenberg 4 analysed 2500 mandibles for the retromolar foramina and stated that these foramina are more common in native populations of North America than in other part of the world namely India, Europe, Africa, & Northeast Asia. They occur more commonly unilaterally than bilaterally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried human mandibles and its clinical relevance

2015

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INTRODUCTIONThe retromolar foramen is an accessory foramen of the mandible situated in the retromolar fossa. The triangular depression between the temporal crest and the anterior border of the ramus of mandible is called the retromolar fossa. Nerves may pass from the substance of temporalis to enter the mandible through the retromolar fossa, where they communicate with branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. Foramina occur in 10% of retromolar fossa and infiltration in this region can abolish sensation which occasionally remains after an inferior alveolar nerve block. 1The retromolar foramen, which is located in the retromolar fossa receives the retromolar canal which normally arises from the mandibular canal behind the third molar.2 This foramen transmits a neurovascular bundle consisting of an artery, vein and nerve that contribute to the nutrition and innervations of the pulp and periodontium of the lower teeth. This area forms an open corridor for the passage of infections arising in ABSTRACT Background: The retromolar foramen is one of the most important non -metrical anatomical variants in the mandible. The present study describes the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried mandibles and its clinical relevance. Methods: One hundred South Indian adult dried mandibles of unknown sex were studied at the Department of Anatomy, MVJ Medical College, Bangalore for the presence of retro molar foramen. Its location, size, shape, distance of the foramen if present from the posterior border of socket for 3 rd molar tooth, anterior border of ramus of the mandible were measured. Results: Retromolar foramen was present in 16 (16%) of the mandibles. Out of the 16 mandibles, it was present bilaterally in 3 (3%) mandibles and unilaterally in 13 (13%) mandibles (In 3 (3%) on the right side and in 10 (10%) on the left side). The mean diameter of the foramen was 1.33mm (range -1.10-1.92 mm). It was oval in shape in 9 (9%) and rounded in shape in 7 (7%) mandibles. The mean distance of retromolar foramen from the posterior border of socket for 3 rd molar tooth and anterior border of ramus were 6.15 mm (2.23-12.10) and 8.02 mm (3.24-13.12) respectively. Conclusions: The knowledge about the incidence of the retromolar foramen is important for dental surgeons during various anaesthetic, implantation and surgical procedures of the mandible, especially during extraction of the lower last molar tooth.

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Incidence of Retromolar Foramen in Human Mandibles: Ethnic and Clinical Aspects

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CTvspanoramic radiography

A study on the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried human mandibles and its clinical relevance

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