Incidence of prostate cancer in male breast cancer patients: a risk factor for prostate cancer screening

Lee, U J; Jones, J. Stephen

doi:10.1038/pcan.2008.26

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Although we could not evaluate previous suggestions of an increased risk of male breast cancer associated with a personal history of prostate cancer (39,40) because of our reliance on a initial diagnosis of cancer to define cases of male breast cancer in this study, we found no support that either prostatic hypertrophy or dysplasia were associated with risk. We did, however, observe a significant association of male breast cancer risk with a history of orchitis or epididymitis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Brinton

Carreon

Gierach

et al. 2009

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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The etiology of male breast cancer is largely unknown, reflecting its relative rarity. Although a number of previous studies have suggested relationships with a variety of medical conditions, the results have largely derived from case-control studies and may reflect recall biases. Within the large U.S. Veterans Affairs computerized medical care system database, we had the opportunity to access 26 million hospitaldischarge records over the period and to relate various documented medical conditions to the risk of subsequent male breast cancer. This allowed us to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for male breast cancer associated with conditions occurring one or more years after initial hospitalization, adjusted for age, race, calendar year, duration of follow-up, and number of hospital visits. Among 4,501,578 men aged 18-100 years, a total of 642 cases of primary male breast cancer were identified (523 among whites, 119 among blacks). Medical conditions that were significantly related to risk were diabetes (RR=1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.60), obesity (1.98, 1.55-2.54), orchitis/epididymitis (1.84, 1.10-3.08), Klinefelter syndrome (29.64, 12.26-71.68), and gynecomastia (5.86, 3.74-9.17). Additionally, among black patients, cholelithiasis emerged as a significant risk predictor (3.45, 1.59-7.47). Diseases that have previously been related to male breast cancer risk that were not supported by our study results included thyroid diseases, smoking-related conditions, liver cirrhosis, prostatic hyperplasia, and fractures. After adjustment for obesity, the association with diabetes disappeared, but that with gynecomastia persisted. In multivariate models that simultaneously considered all important medical predictors of risk, significant risks were seen for Klinefelter syndrome (16.83, 6.81-41.62), gynecomastia (5.08, 3.21-8.03), obesity (1.91, 95% CI 1.50-2.44) and orchitis/epididymitis (1.80, 1.08-3.01). These results support previous speculations that male breast cancer is influenced not only by tissue at risk, but also by hormonal and inflammatory factors.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Brinton

Carreon

Gierach

et al. 2009

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…A review of 69 patients with MBC identified 12 patients (17%) with concomitant diagnoses of prostate cancer. 18 A theoretical link between these diseases does exist – for example, aromatase inhibitors used to treat MBC may increase serum levels of testosterone, thereby driving growth and proliferation of prostate cancer clones. 19 Although further prospective testing is needed to validate this association, the practitioner may choose to weigh this data in the risk: benefit decision to initiate prostate cancer screening in patients with MBC.…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male breast cancer: An update in diagnosis, treatment and molecular profiling

et al. 2010

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Significant advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of female breast cancer, resulting in a decline in incidence and a global improvement in clinical outcome. The statistics for male breast cancer (MBC) stand in sharp contrast – over the past several decades, there has been a steady rise in the incidence of this disease, and clinical outcome has improved at a much slower pace. In the current review, the clinicopathologic features of MBC are described in detail. An emphasis is placed on molecular profiling of MBC, which may identify candidate biomarkers and putative targets for pharmacologic intervention. The current role of cytotoxic chemotherapy and endocrine therapy (including tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors and GnRH analogues) is defined in the context of currently available studies. Furthermore, the potential role of targeted agents, including HER2-directed therapies, PARP inhibitors, and angiogenesis inhibitors, is delineated.

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“…Typically men with breast cancer have a longer duration of symptoms than women [12]. With a lack of awareness and the advanced stage at presentation, such delay in diagnosis often causes a worse prognosis than FBC [13]. Consequently MBC patients have a mortality of 5-10 years in 36-75% of cases [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of cell cycle proteins in male breast carcinoma

Kanthan

Fried²,

Rueckl³

et al. 2010

World J Surg Onc

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IntroductionMale breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, yet potentially aggressive disease. Although literature regarding female breast cancer (FBC) is extensive, little is known about the etiopathogenesis of male breast cancer. Studies from our laboratory show that MBCs have a distinct immunophenotypic profile, suggesting that the etiopathogenesis of MBC is different from FBCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the immunohistochemical expression of cell cycle proteins in male breast carcinoma to significant clinico-biological endpoints.Methods75 cases of MBC were identified using the records of the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency over 26 years (1970-1996). Cases were reviewed and analyzed for the immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, Ki67, p27, p16, p57, p21, cyclin-D1 and c-myc and correlated to clinico-biological endpoints of tumor size, node status, stage of the disease, and disease free survival (DFS).ResultsDecreased DFS was observed in the majority of tumors that overexpressed PCNA (98%, p = 0.004). The overexpression of PCNA was inversely correlated to the expression of Ki67 which was predominantly negative (78.3%). Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 83.7% of cases. Cyclin D1 positive tumors were smaller than 2 cm (55.6%, p = 0.005), had a low incidence of lymph node metastasis (38.2%, p = 0.04) and were associated with increased DFS of >150 months (p = 0.04). Overexpression of c-myc (90%) was linked with a higher incidence of node negativity (58.3%, p = 0.006) and increased DFS (p = 0.04). p27 over expression was associated with decreased lymph node metastasis (p = 0.04). P21 and p57 positive tumors were related to decreased DFS (p = 0.04). Though p16 was overexpressed in 76.6%, this did not reach statistical significance with DFS (p = 0.06) or nodal status (p = 0.07).ConclusionAberrant cell cycle protein expression supports our view that these are important pathways involved in the etiopathogenesis of MBC. Tumors with overexpression of Cyclin D1 and c-myc had better outcomes, in contrast to tumors with overexpression of p21, p57, and PCNA with significantly worse outcomes. P27 appears to be a predictive marker for lymph nodal status. Such observation strongly suggests that dysregulation of cell cycle proteins may play a unique role in the initiation and progression of disease in male breast cancer. Such findings open up new avenues for the treatment of MBC as a suitable candidate for novel CDK-based anticancer therapies in the future.

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Incidence of prostate cancer in male breast cancer patients: a risk factor for prostate cancer screening

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Male breast cancer: An update in diagnosis, treatment and molecular profiling

Expression of cell cycle proteins in male breast carcinoma

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