Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Brinton, Louise A.; Carreon, Joseph D.; Gierach, Gretchen L.; McGlynn, Katherine A.; Gridley, Gloria

doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0379-0

Cited by 99 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity level have been investigated as risk factors for MBC; none has consistently been associated with higher risk. Although one small study reported that excessive alcohol consumption was linked to MBC (37), other studies have failed to demonstrate the same (29,38,39). The link between smoking and MBC has also not been clearly demonstrated (29,40).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Mbcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male breast cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management (Review)

Taber¹

2010

Oncol Rep

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Abstract. Male breast cancer (MBC) is extremely rare, with an incidence in the general US population of <1%. It tends to be diagnosed at later stages than breast cancer in females, likely because of low awareness on the part of the patient and low suspicion by the physician. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, alterations to the estrogen-testosterone ratio, radiation exposure, and occupational hazards. Because of the rarity of MBC, mammography in men is more often utilized as a diagnostic tool to evaluate breast symptoms rather than as a tool for widespread screening. While clinical breast examinations are effective at evaluating breast symptoms, mammography also may be beneficial in separating malignant from benign breast disease. This study reviews MBC and its risk factors, recommendations for screening and diagnosis, the roles of mammography and genetic testing in surveillance, and management of patients with MBC. Heightened awareness of the increased risk in certain men by both physicians and patients, and adherence to guidelines recommended for the surveillance of men at increased risk, may result in earlier detection.

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Section: Risk Factors For Mbcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male breast cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management (Review)

Taber¹

2010

Oncol Rep

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“…The other genetic factors include androgen receptor (AR) gene, CYp17, PTEN tumor suppressor gene and CHEK2 mutation (28). Nearly 3% to 7.5% of MBC cases have Klinefelter syndrome (28)(29)(30). In addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, CHEK2 is a kinase effective in DNA repair.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this analysis, a negative correlation with physical activity was established and having history of a first-degree relative with male breast cancer (relative risk, RR, 1.92; 95%CI 1.24-3.91) and increased body mass index (>30 vs. <25; RR 1.79, 95%CI 1.10-2.91) were found to correlate with increased breast cancer. The factors that influence the ratio of estrogen to androgen, external administration of estrogen or testosterone (32), obesity (29,(33)(34)(35), orchitis/epididymitis (29), presence of a history of prostate cancer treated with estrogen (36) and Klinefelter Syndrome (25,29) increase the risk of male breast cancer. Another study that analyzed the USA Veterans Affairs database detected 642 MBCs (29).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The factors that influence the ratio of estrogen to androgen, external administration of estrogen or testosterone (32), obesity (29,(33)(34)(35), orchitis/epididymitis (29), presence of a history of prostate cancer treated with estrogen (36) and Klinefelter Syndrome (25,29) increase the risk of male breast cancer. Another study that analyzed the USA Veterans Affairs database detected 642 MBCs (29). The risk factors were found to be the presence of diabetes (RR 1.…”

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Male Breast Cancer

Yalaza¹,

2016

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IntroductionOver the past two decades, major improvements have been achieved in the understanding of breast cancer, and cure can be offered if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage. However, the disease is more often diagnosed at more advanced stages (3 or 4) in men, in contrast to women. Its rarity among men as well as lack of awareness leads to its detection at later stages. Randomized studies cannot be carried on due to the low incidence of breast cancer in males, with only a few published prospective therapeutic studies in the literature. While the information on male breast cancer (MBC) was obtained from retrospective studies, the recommendations for treatment were derived from studies conducted on female breast cancer (1). This review presents the frequency, etiology, clinical-pathological characteristics and treatment approaches for the rare MBC. Epidemiology-EtiologyMale breast cancer is rare and constitutes 0.5-1% of all patients with breast cancer. The reason of the low incidence rate in men is the relatively low amount of breast tissue along with the difference in their hormonal environment. Even though breast tissue is less in men as compared to women, the factors that influence malignant changes are similar. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) Program reported that the incidence of breast cancer was highest at ages 52-71 during 1973-2000, whereas the peak incidence in males was 71 years (2). In fact, some authors state that MBC imitate the behavioral pattern of post-menopausal female breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer in males and females has increased in the past 25 years. International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) emphasized this increase and stated that the incidence of female breast cancer increased by 20%, while breast cancer-related deaths increased by 14%. The SEER data also showed that the rate that was 1.1 for 100.000 men in the mid-1970s and raised to 1.44 for 100.000 men by 2010 (3). In USA, 2240 men were diagnosed with breast cancer within the year 2013. The lifetime rate of diagnosis with male breast cancer is 1 in 1000. According to the IACR Turkey data, 0.37% of all cancer types among males are breast cancer (4, 5). IACR has published its new cancer estimates for the year 2012. The most recent cancer estimates for 28 cancer types in 184 countries, which record cancer data, have been made available for users on the GLOBOCAN 2012 website (6).The rate of presentation with advanced stage breast cancer has been decreasing in men. As a matter of fact, a study conducted in 1995 reported the rate of Stage 1-2 disease on diagnosis as 70%, whereas it was reported as 67% in 2010 and 82% in 2015 (7-9). MBC constitutes less than 1% of male cancers and it has a varying rate of incidence across different geographies and ethnic groups (10, 11). Its annual prevalence in Europe is 1 in 10.000 men and these cases constitute less than 1% of all patients with breast cancer (4). However, this rate is above 6% in Central African countries (12). This relatively hig...

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“…There is an unique report to classify liver disease, in which the type of liver disease did not affect the incidence of male BC. 13 However, they included patients with non-cirrhotic liver disease, did not distinguish cirrhosis from other liver disease, and the etiologies of liver disease was poorly categorized except alcohol. Even in case reports described the details of subjects, the physical measurements were mostly omitted and cryptogenic cirrhosis was verified in only one case report.…”

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A Case of Breast Cancer in a Male Patient with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis

Shin

Lee

Park

et al. 2012

Korean J Gastroenterol

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Breast cancer is a rare disease in men. We report a case of 53-year-old obese male, with known cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, presenting a tender mass on left breast. He was diagnosed with invasive intraductal carcinoma, which was consistent with a sporadic lesion. On the basis of previous literatures, obesity can be regarded as a cause for breast cancer even in men. However, there has been inconsistent data about link between liver cirrhosis and male breast cancer, which can be due to heterogenity in the etiology of cirrhosis. Through this case, it can be postulated that the risk for male breast cancer may vary according to the etiology of cirrhosis. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2012;60:182-185)

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Etiologic factors for male breast cancer in the U.S. Veterans Affairs medical care system database

Cited by 99 publications

References 39 publications

Male breast cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management (Review)

Male breast cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management (Review)

Male Breast Cancer

A Case of Breast Cancer in a Male Patient with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis

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