Incidence of opiates, amphetamines, and cocaine in hair and blood in fatal cases of heroin overdose

Kronstrand, Robert; Grundin, Robert; Jonsson, John

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00003-6

Cited by 73 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, a recent study of Swedish overdose fatalities detected no hair morphine in a third of cases. 52 The rigors of the heroin lifestyle may mean that, after a decade or more of heroin use, many users reduce their use. There is evidence that they may also increase their use of other drugs, such as alcohol, to compensate for reduced heroin use.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Overdosementioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin Overdose: Research and Evidence-Based Intervention

Darke

2003

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Me

288

240

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Section: Risk Factors For Overdosementioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin Overdose: Research and Evidence-Based Intervention

Darke

2003

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Me

288

240

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“…Several washing solvents have been reported, including water (Aoki and Kuroiwa, 1983;Kajitani et al, 1989;Cassani and Spiehler, 1993;Kimura et al, 1999b), dichloromethane and water (Kintz et al, 1992b(Kintz et al, , 1995Gaillard et al, 2000;Paterson et al, 2001;Skender et al, 2002;Musshoff et al, 2002), methanol and water (Suzuki et al, 1984a(Suzuki et al, -c, 1989Moriya et al, 1992;Takayama et al, 1997Takayama et al, , 1998aTakayama et al, ,b, 1999Takayama, 1999;Hara et al, 1998;Sweeney et al, 1998;Kronstrand et al, 1998;Liu et al, 2001), ethanol and/or acetone and water (Takahashi, 1984;Takahashi et al, 1984;Kintz et al, 1992a;Rothe et al, 1997), Tween 20 and water (Scarcella et al, 1997), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and methanol/water (Nakahara et al, 1989(Nakahara et al, , 1991(Nakahara et al, , 1992(Nakahara et al, , 1993Kikura and Nakahara, 1995a,b;Kikura, 1996, 1997;Miki et al, 1997b;Koide et al, 1998;Al-Dirbashi et al, 1999a, b, 2000Cooper et al, 2000;Yamada et al, 2001;Kalasinsky et al, 2001;Nishida et al, 2002), SDS and di...…”

Section: Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aoki and Kuroiwa (1983) and Ishiyama et al (1983) treated hairs in 1.5 M sodium hydroxide for 24 h, and then MA in the solution was extracted with chloroform. MA and AP have also been extracted with chloroform (Takahashi, 1984;Takahashi et al, 1984;Kajitani et al, 1989), n-pentane (Suzuki et al, 1984a,b), dichloromethane (Kintz et al, 1992b;Moriya et al, 1992), ethyl acetate (Kintz et al, 1995;Gaillard et al, 2000;Skender et al, 2002) and iso-octane (Kronstrand et al, 1998). MA and AP in the dissolution were directly detected by GC or GC/MS using a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique (Koide et al, 1998;Liu et al, 2001;Musshoff et al, 2002).…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GC/ MS/SIM was also used to determine MA and AP extracted from the hairs of MA-addicts (Suzuki et al, 1984a(Suzuki et al, -c, 1989Moriya et al, 1992). Stable-isotope dilution GC/MS/SIM, which used deuterated MA and AP as internal standards, has also been used to determine MA and AP extracted from the hairs of MA-addicts (Nakahara et al, , 1991Kronstrand et al, 1998). Kalasinsky et al (2001) derivatized the extracts from the hairs of MA addicts with chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride (CDFA) and determined CDFA-MA and AP by GC/MS/SIM.…”

Section: Gc and Gc/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of methamphetamine and its metabolites in hair

Takayama

Iio

Tanaka

et al. 2003

Biomedical Chromatography

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Methamphetamine (MA) is a sympathomimetic amine whose abuse has become a serious problem in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and other Southeast Asian countries. The use of hair for the determination of MA use has become more commonplace. The maximum period in which MA and its main metabolites (amphetamine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine) can be detected in urine is about 10 days after its use. However, proof of MA use is possible in hair even several years after its use if the part of the hair that grew in the period of its use is available. In addition, segmental analysis of hair is capable of clarifying the history of MA abuse. This paper reviews the clean-up, extraction, analytical method and distribution of MA and its metabolites in hair from reports published in the last 20 years.

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“…However, care should be taken in this step, since spontaneous conversion of cocaine into its metabolite benzoylecgonine as an artifact during sample extraction, especially under strong alkaline conditions, has been documented. 24,29,30 Several techniques for sample cleanup have been described, such as liquid-liquid extraction, 31,32 solid-phase extraction (SPE), 27,[33][34][35][36][37] solid-phase microextraction, 19,38 or supercritical fluid extraction, 39 followed by either liquid or gas chromatography. This paper describes a new gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based analytical method for the quantitation of cocaine and its main metabolite benzoylecgonine in hair samples after a short 3 h acidic extraction followed by mixed-mode SPE.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Barroso

Dias

Vieira

et al. 2008

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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A new, simple and rapid procedure has been developed and validated for the determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair samples. After extraction from within the hair matrix by a mixture of methanol/hydrochloric acid (2:1) at 65 degrees C for 3 h, and sample cleanup by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE), the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 5% chlorotrimethylsilane. Using a sample size of only 20 mg of hair, limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were, respectively, 20 and 50 pg/mg for cocaine, and 15 and 50 pg/mg for benzoylecgonine, achieving the cut-off values proposed by the Society of Hair Testing for the analysis of these compounds in hair. The method was found to be linear (weighing factor of 1/x) between the LOQ and 20 ng/mg for both compounds, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9974 to 0.9996 for cocaine; and from 0.9981 to 0.9994 for benzoylecgonine. Intra- and interday precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The sample cleanup step presented a mean absolute recovery greater than 90% for both compounds. The developed method may be useful in forensic toxicology laboratories for the analysis of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in hair samples, taking into account its speed (only 3 h are required for the extraction of the analytes from within the matrix, whereas 5 h or even overnight extractions have been reported) and the low limits achieved (using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer, which is available in most laboratories).

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Incidence of opiates, amphetamines, and cocaine in hair and blood in fatal cases of heroin overdose

Cited by 73 publications

References 16 publications

Heroin Overdose: Research and Evidence-Based Intervention

Heroin Overdose: Research and Evidence-Based Intervention

Analysis of methamphetamine and its metabolites in hair

Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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