Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country and the risk factors involved in the disease by reassessing an adult population after 7 years of follow-up. In the previous prevalence study, 847 people older than 18 years were randomly selected from all over the Basque Country and were invited to answer a medical questionnaire, followed by a physical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test. In the reassessment, the same variables were collected and the resulting cohort comprised 517 individuals of whom 43 had diabetes at baseline. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 4.64% in 7 years and the raw incidence rate was 6.56 cases/1000 person-years (95%CI: 4.11–9.93). Among the incident cases, 59% were undiagnosed. The most strongly associated markers by univariate analyses were age > 60 years, dyslipidaemia, prediabetes and insulin resistance. We also found association with hypertension, obesity, family history of diabetes and low education level. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex showed that a set of risk factors assessed together (dyslipidaemia, waist-to-hip-ratio and family history of diabetes) had great predictive value (AUC-ROC = 0.899, 95%CI: 0.846–0.953, p = 0.942), which suggests the need for early intervention before the onset of prediabetes.

Higher fasting triglyceride predicts higher risks of diabetes mortality in US adults

“…Epidemiological [ 2 , 3 ] and longitudinal cohort studies [ 4 – 6 , 30 , 31 ] showed that higher triglyceride may be a cause of new-onset of diabetes. However, this is not without controversy, as genetic studies provided mixed results.…”

“…Confounding covariates included age (continuous) [ 2 ], sex (male or female) [ 10 ], ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican-American, or other) [ 11 ], obesity (underweight, normal, overweight, obese, or unknown) [ 3 , 12 ], education (< high school, high school, or > high school) [ 2 ], poverty-income ratio (< 130, 130–349%, ≥ 350%, or unknown) [ 10 , 13 ], and survey periods (1988–1991, 1991–1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, or 2013–2014). NHANES III was conducted in two stages, i.e., from 1988 to 1991 and then from 1991 to 1994, and the subsequent cycles of NHANES were conducted once every 2 years.…”

“…Epidemiological studies frequently show that circulating triglyceride is higher in people with diabetes than that in those without diabetes [ 2 , 3 ]. Higher baseline triglyceride was reported to be associated with new-onset of diabetes in various populations such as Chinese [ 4 ], Japanese [ 5 ], and Americans [ 6 ].…”

Fetuin A levels and its correlation with lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

“…This may project to increase 134 million by 2045. 1,2 Due to its complex pathophysiology, several biomarkers have been studied for identifying its vascular complications. However, many of these biomarkers were related to inflammation, metabolic or procoagulant.…”

Nursing students’ knowledge and attitude toward diabetic ulcer care and their contributing factors in Indonesia

“…A Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of knowledge or attitude with socio-demographic characteristics, including age, gender, level of education, history of wound care training, interest in diabetic ulcer care, and the use of the following as sources of knowledge: books, guidelines, research articles or journals, magazines, seminars, and sharing with peers. Variables with P -values less than or equal to 0.2 in the bivariate analysis were then entered into a multivariate logistic regression model [ 17 , 35 ]. To investigate the strength of the association between dependent and independent variables, odds ratios ( OR ) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined.…”