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Background InformationIn the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) 2010 for fat, the adequate intakes (AIs) and tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related disease (DGs) for fat were determined. Specifically, AIs were set for n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids because they are not produced by the human body and their deficiency leads to disease. DGs have been set for total fat, saturated fat, n-6 fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, and cholesterol, whose consumption levels affect risk of lifestyle-related disease, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.Total fatty acids, saturated fat, and n-6 fatty acids are major fuels that supply energy to humans. Therefore, they are expressed as percentage of energy (%en) from total energy intake. Essential fatty acids, including metabolites of a-linolenic acid are expressed as absolute values (g/d) but not relative values (en% of total energy) due to their essentiality.To estimate the average amount of fatty acid intake in the Japanese which was used for DRIs, it was calculated using the original data that had been collected by the 2005 and 2006 NHNS. The 50th percentiles of the major fatty acids and cholesterol are presented in the original Japanese DRIs. For the determination of DGs in the DRIs-J 2010, systematic reviews were conducted by using appropriate key words in PubMed. From these publications, 437 related to DRIs were selected for careful reading and, along with those that had been used for the DRIs-J 2005, were used for a review of the DRIs-J 2010.In this paper, the original version of the Japanese DRIs has been summarized and only selected sections discussed for the sake of brevity.
Determining DRIs 1. Total fat 1-1. DG (lower boundary).A low fat/high carbohydrate diet leads to increased postprandial glucose and fasting triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations and decreased fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration (1). Although there is no definite evidence that average daily fat intake in a low fat/high carbohydrate diet increases risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus, unfavorable metabolite profiles in low fat/high carbohydrate diets indicate that a lower boundary of adequate total fat intake exists.As described in the following sections, the AI of n-6 Summary In the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for fat, adequate intake (AI) and tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related disease (DGs) were used. AIs were set for n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids because they are not produced by the human body and their deficiency leads to dermatitis. DGs have been set for total fat, saturated fat, n-6 fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, and cholesterol, whose consumption levels affect risk of lifestyle-related disease, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. As AI for n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the 50th percentile of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid intake was set. In the Japanese ...