Incidence Hypertension and Fasting Blood Glucose from Real-World Data: Retrospective Cohort for 7-Years Follow-Up

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study was done to investigate the incidence of hypertension and its relation to the fasting blood glucose level in Korea. The eligible non-hypertensive subjects (n = 3,396,187) among the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening (NHIS-HEALS) examinees (n = 10,644,911) in 2009 were followed up until 2015. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk of the high blood glucose level for the incident hypertension while controlling for covariates’ confounding effect. The cumulative incidence rate was 10.6% for seven years (11.6% in men and 8.3% in women). The incidence density was 1474.8 per 100,000 person-years. High fasting blood glucose (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR), 1.836; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.810 to 1.862), prediabetes (aHR, 1.249; 95% CI, 1.237 to 1.260), a history of diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.635; 95% CI, 1.605 to 1.666), high triglyceride (aHR, 1.292; 95% CI, 1.280 to 1.303), a history of dyslipidemia (aHR, 1.279; 95% CI, 1.253 to 1.305) and prehypertension group (aHR, 1.964; 95% CI, 1.948 to 1.979) were significantly related to the incident hypertension after adjusting for covariates. Among real-world data in Korea, high blood glucose level was the independent risk factor for developing hypertension.

Differences in the impact of impaired glucose status on clinical outcomes in younger and older adults: Over a decade of follow-up in the Tehran lipid and glucose study

“…To our knowledge, this study is the first to find effect modification of age for the risk of incident hypertension associated with IFG or IGT, showing an increased risk in young/middle-aged participants but not the elderly. While most ( 13 , 14 , 46 – 48 ) but not all previous studies ( 15 , 49 , 50 ) found that intermediate hyperglycemia burden confers a higher risk of incident hypertension, no study found a significant difference among age groups regarding this risk ( 50 – 52 ). Sasaki et al ( 53 ) found that among 2,136 and 3,426 Japanese people aged < 65 and ≥65 years, respectively, only middle-aged participants with prediabetes (as defined by IFG or IGT) had an elevated risk for hypertension; however, among middle-aged participants, in the multivariable model, IGT showed a signal of increased risk of hypertension [OR (95% CI): 1.29 (0.98 to 1.70), p -value =0.07].…”

“…As reported by ADA, Metformin intervention is as effective as lifestyle changes, especially among the younger population aged 25-44 years (44,45). In the review article by Herman.…”

“…Lifestyle improvements are particularly efficient in decreasing T2DM risk; accordingly, evidence from clinical trials indicates that lifestyle interventions helped halt progression to T2DM (43). According to Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), as highlighted in the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2022 (44,45), Metformin was as effective as lifestyle changes in individuals aged 25-59 years, with BMI≥35 kg/m 2 , and those with FPG >110 mg/dl.…”

Evaluate the elasticity of carotid artery in the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by two-dimensional strain imaging

“…[ 30 ] IR can lead to hyperinsulinemia, and result in increased lipid content in vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. [ 31 ] Second, IR can release inflammatory factors, damage vascular endothelial cells, reduce arterial elasticity, then cause the increase of arterial wall stiffness. [ 32 , 33 ] Taharboucht S. et al [ 34 ] compared 213 NAFLD patients with a control group which was composed of 213 patients, the results showed that patients with NAFLD were had higher incidence of carotid atherosclerosis plaque than the control group, and there was a remarkable correlation between NAFLD and carotid atherosclerosis.…”

Association Between Systemic Arterial Hypertension with Laboratory Markers, Body Composition, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Rate Variability in Obese Adults

“…Prior literature data describes that some factors should be considered risk predictors for the occurrence of SAH, among them are obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), abdominal visceral fat, heart rate variability (8)(9)(10), some laboratory biochemical markers and associated comorbidities (11)(12)(13). Due to the number of variables and their possible associations, further research on relationships between these data and SAH is necessary, so that more reliable and independent predictors can be obtained for decision making in clinical practice, facilitating the prognostic of SAH in this population.…”