Incidence and Severity of Cerebral Concussion in the Rhesus Monkey Following Sagittal Plane Angular Acceleration

Abel, Jacob M.; Gennarelli, Thomas A.; Segawa, Hiromu

doi:10.4271/780886

Cited by 64 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Values of ⍜ ии max and ⌬⍜ и max similar to those measured during 0.3-m falls onto carpet pad were recorded from head rotations of instrumented models of boxers with no occurrence of concussion, skull fracture, SDH, or TAI of the brain. 39 All cases of SDH and DAI in human cadaver studies and primate (rhesus monkey and baboon) rotational inertial experiments 1,15,32 had considerably greater angular accelerations and velocities when scaled to a human infant than an average ⍜ ии max and ⌬⍜ и max produced by falls onto foam. Correlating these experimental data, it is highly unlikely that serious or fatal injuries occur during falls onto an unencased foam mattress from a height of 1.5 m or less, or from 0.3 m falls onto a carpet pad.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental evidence shows both the absence and occurrence of serious head trauma. Specifically, although human infant cadaver drop test studies have demonstrated an 80 to 100% occurrence of skull fractures, 44,53 subhuman primate inertial studies 1,15,32 and adult cadaver studies 35 have shown both the presence and absence of intracranial hemorrhage and acute SDH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both these injury types have been produced by, and correlated to, the angular velocity or angular acceleration of the head. 1,15,16,32 Rotational motions have been shown to cause a diffuse pattern of strains and injury throughout the brain, whereas translational (linear) motion causes more focal damage. 24,37 Although the anthropomorphic dummy test data are useful to evaluate the rotational response of the head caused by falls and inflicted injury events, the results of the dummy tests cannot be used to predict whether such rotations are sufficient to cause injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropomorphic simulations of falls, shakes, and inflicted impacts in infants

Prange

Coats²,

Duhaime³

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurosurgery

164

117

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Object. Rotational loading conditions have been shown to produce subdural hemorrhage and diffuse axonal injury. No experimental data are available with which to compare the rotational response of the head of an infant during accidental and inflicted head injuries. The authors sought to compare rotational deceleration sustained by the head among free falls, from different heights onto different surfaces, with those sustained during shaking and inflicted impact. Methods. An anthropomorphic surrogate of a 1.5-month-old human infant was constructed and used to simulate falls from 0.3 m (1 ft), 0.9 m (3 ft), and 1.5 m (5 ft), as well as vigorous shaking and inflicted head impact. During falls, the surrogate experienced occipital contact against a concrete surface, carpet pad, or foam mattress. For shakes, investigators repeatedly shook the surrogate in an anteroposterior plane; inflicted impact was defined as the terminal portion of a vigorous shake, in which the surrogate's occiput made contact with a rigid or padded surface. Rotational velocity was recorded directly and the maximum (peak—peak) change in angular velocity and the peak angular acceleration were calculated. Analysis of variance revealed significant increases in the and associated with falls onto harder surfaces and from higher heights. During inflicted impacts against rigid surfaces, the and were significantly greater than those measured under all other conditions. Conclusions. Vigorous shakes of this infant model produced rotational responses similar to those resulting from minor falls, but inflicted impacts produced responses that were significantly higher than even a 1.5-m fall onto concrete. Because larger accelerations are associated with an increasing likelihood of injury, the findings indicate that inflicted impacts against hard surfaces are more likely to be associated with inertial brain injuries than falls from a height less than 1.5 m or from shaking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anthropomorphic simulations of falls, shakes, and inflicted impacts in infants

Prange

Coats²,

Duhaime³

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurosurgery

164

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To test larger size animals (macaque and Rhesus monkeys, baboons), the later series of studies used a HYGE pneumatic actuator coupled externally to a camlinkage mechanism to deliver a biphasic pulse (Abel et al, 1978). Although typical pulses from this device had similar separation time intervals between acceleration and deceleration pulses (4 ms) as the HAD device, peak acceleration magnitudes were lower than peak deceleration magnitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although typical pulses from this device had similar separation time intervals between acceleration and deceleration pulses (4 ms) as the HAD device, peak acceleration magnitudes were lower than peak deceleration magnitudes. Acceleration and deceleration pulses had durations of 6 and 3.5 ms (Abel et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of angular acceleration–deceleration pulse shapes on regional brain strains

Yoganandan

Lǐ

Zhang

et al. 2008

Journal of Biomechanics

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Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate

Gennarelli¹,

Thibault²,

Adams³

et al. 1982

Annals of Neurology

1,316

627

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Traumatic coma was produced in 45 monkeys by accelerating the head without impact in one of three directions. The duration of coma, degree of neurological impairment, and amount of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in the brain were directly related to the amount of coronal head motion used. Coma of less than 15 minutes (concussion) occurred in 11 of 13 animals subjected to sagittal head motion, in 2 of 6 animals with oblique head motion, and in 2 of 26 animals with full lateral head motion. All 15 concussioned animals had good recovery, and none had DAI. Conversely, coma lasting more than 6 hours occurred in one of the sagittal or oblique injury groups but was present in 20 of the laterally injured animals, all of which were severely disabled afterward. All laterally injured animals had a degree of DAI similar to that found in severe human head injury. Coma lasting 16 minutes to 6 hours occurred in 2 of 13 of the sagittal group, 4 of 6 in the oblique group, and 4 of 26 in the lateral group, these animals had less neurological disability and less DAI than when coma lasted longer than 6 hours. These experimental findings duplicate the spectrum of traumatic coma seen in human beings and include axonal damage identical to that seen in sever head injury in humans. Since the amount of DAI was directly proportional to the severity of injury (duration of coma and quality of outcome), we conclude that axonal damage produced by coronal head acceleration is a major cause of prolonged traumatic coma and its sequelae.

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Incidence and Severity of Cerebral Concussion in the Rhesus Monkey Following Sagittal Plane Angular Acceleration

Cited by 64 publications

References 3 publications

Anthropomorphic simulations of falls, shakes, and inflicted impacts in infants

Anthropomorphic simulations of falls, shakes, and inflicted impacts in infants

Influence of angular acceleration–deceleration pulse shapes on regional brain strains

Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate

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