Incidence and origin of histologically confirmed liver metastases: an explorative case-study of 23,154 patients

Ridder, J.A.M. de; Wilt, Johannes H. W. de; Simmer, Femke; Overbeek, L.I.H.; Lemmens, Valery; Nagtegaal, Irıs D.

doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10552

Cited by 126 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…However, the liver is more frequently target of metastatic than primary tumors. These are mainly adenocarcinomas arisen from various tumors of the body, but the most common place of origin is colorectal cancer [2]. Tumors, developed in noncirrhotic background can be treated by partial resection of the liver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syndecan-1 in Liver Diseases

Regős

Karászi

Reszegi

et al. 2019

Pathol. Oncol. Res.

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Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Despite the emerging data of the biological function of syndecan-1, the clinical usefulness of this proteoglycan is still unknown. In our study we correlated syndecan-1 expression to clinico-pathological data. We found that syndecan-1 proved to be a good marker for hepatitis C virus based hepatocellular carcinoma and increased with liver dysfunction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syndecan-1 in Liver Diseases

Regős

Karászi

Reszegi

et al. 2019

Pathol. Oncol. Res.

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“…Liver metastases are associated with worse overall survival in patients with mCRPC [7][8][9] and in many other tumor types. 18 Therefore, robust models to study the pathobiology of liver metastasis in this disease setting, including microenvironmental factors and response to therapy, are urgently needed. To address this challenge, we adapted the hemi-spleen injection model commonly used to establish hepatic metastases in pancreatic and colon cancer research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hemi‐spleen injection model of liver metastasis for prostate cancer

et al. 2020

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Background Liver metastasis is not uncommon in men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), estimated at ~20% to 60% of advanced late‐stage patients. Liver and other visceral metastases are associated with worse overall survival. Recent evidence suggests the frequency of visceral metastases may be increasing for reasons that are unclear but may be related to selective pressures induced by modern therapies, including second‐generation antiandrogen receptor signaling inhibitors such as enzalutamide and abiraterone. Consequently, robust models to study the pathobiology of prostate cancer liver metastases and their response to therapy are urgently needed. Methods Hemi‐spleen injection of human (LN95, PC3, VCaP, and MDA‐PCa‐2b) or syngeneic (Myc‐CaP) prostate cancer cells (1 × 106) was performed to seed liver metastases via the splenic vessels. Plasma levels of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) were monitored longitudinally in human androgen receptor‐positive (AR+) models. Immunohistochemical staining of AR and HoxB13 was performed to document the prostatic origin of hepatic lesions. Results LN95, PC3, and Myc‐CaP produced distinct liver micrometastases that progressed to macrometastases by ~2 to 4 weeks postinoculation, while inoculation of MDA‐PCa‐2b and VCaP only produced occasional micrometastases and seeding of individual cells adjacent to blood vessels, respectively, at the time points analyzed. All lesions are characterized by positive staining for nuclear AR and/or the prostate‐specific differentiation marker HoxB13 depending on the model. Circulating PSA levels are strongly correlated with overall tumor burden in mice seeded with LN95. Histologic micrometastases and low levels of circulating PSA are detected in mice seeded with MDA‐PCa‐2b at ~60 days postinoculation, but no circulating PSA was detected in animals inoculated with VCaP up to ~75 days despite the presence of rare AR+ cells in the liver. Conclusion The studies reported herein establish intrasplenic injection as a robust model of mCRPC liver metastasis. In addition, circulating PSA was validated as a noninvasive biomarker to longitudinally monitor overall tumor burden when using PSA+ models. Therefore, this model can be used to interrogate the pathophysiology of prostate cancer liver metastases, the microenvironmental factors permissive to such growth, immunologic variables, and the response of hepatic lesions to therapy.

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“…However, histologic findings of metastatic adenocarcinoma from different organs are very similar; thus IHC assessment, such as cytokeratin pattern (CK7/CK20 positivity) and specific markers related to each organ (such as PSA, TTF-1, ER/PR, and so on), is necessary on the liver biopsy. Histology and clinical, and imaging studies per se are not adequate for finding the origin of metastasis, but the combination of them can clarify the origin of metastasis in the majority of Liver metastases (8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of Liver Metastatic Adenocarcinomas, a Single Center Experience from the South of Iran

Geramizadeh

Abdi

2019

Hepat Mon

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Background: Liver is one the most common sites of metastasis, and metastatic liver cancers are the most common liver malignancies. Metastatic adenocarcinomas are the most common metastatic liver cancers, which have different origins. The liver biopsy is a very important step to find the origin of metastatic cancer by immunohistochemistry. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to find the primary origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas in the liver biopsies. Methods: In this study, 210 liver biopsies with the primary diagnosis of metastasis with unknown origin in the liver were investigated from 2008 to 2017 that 126 cases (60%) of which have proved to be metastatic adenocarcinoma with unknown origin. Histologic studies and immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were performed. Also, a complete endoscopic, radiologic, clinical, and paraclinical studies were carried out besides the liver biopsy to find the origin of the adenocarcinoma. Results: Among these 126 liver biopsies, the origin of 94 cases (74.6%) was definitely determined by IHC and other examinations mentioned above. All efforts for thirty-two cases (25.4%) failed to find the primary origin despite a complete examination. Most common primary origins were colon (23.8%), lung (19%), pancreas (13.9%), and breast (11.2%). Conclusions: Performing a liver biopsy is a very helpful modality to find the origin of liver metastatic adenocarcinoma but needs to be combined with other clinical findings and diagnostic modalities to find the origin of metastasis to the liver. By combining these methods, our study showed that the origin of 74.6% of metastatic liver adenocarcinomas can be found, which is most commonly from colon, lung, and pancreas.

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Incidence and origin of histologically confirmed liver metastases: an explorative case-study of 23,154 patients

Cited by 126 publications

References 28 publications

Syndecan-1 in Liver Diseases

Syndecan-1 in Liver Diseases

A hemi‐spleen injection model of liver metastasis for prostate cancer

The Origin of Liver Metastatic Adenocarcinomas, a Single Center Experience from the South of Iran

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